Families can be complicated, and immigrant families might be even more challenging to sort out. My wife Dee’s great-grandparents Frans Lodewyk Van Sande (later Louis Van Zandt) and Monica Meert had at least eleven children between them, but only three of them together. Of those three, only Dee’s grandfather lived beyond childhood. I’m writing this article to clarify relationships among Louis’s and Monica’s children.

As a frame of reference, Belgium consists primarily of Dutch Flemish provinces in the north and French Walloon provinces in the south. Brussels, the capital city, lies between the two regions. French and Flemish are both used in official Belgian records. Civil registration records, which are helpful in family research, were instituted by the French First Republic at the turn of the nineteenth century.

Who were the children’s parents?

• Frans Lodewyk [think Low-duh-vike] Van Sande [think Fon Zon-duh] was born February 6, 1851, in Buggenhout, East Flanders, Belgium. He was the son of Joseph Van Sande and Maria Josepha Van Riet.^[1] The Van Sande family had lived around Buggenhout for generations. Joseph was the son of Jan Baptist Van Sande,^[2] the son of Jean Van Sande,^[3] the son of Henri Van Sande.^[4] Jean and Henri were likely known by Flemish names. Lodewyk married Francisca Annaert November 25, 1874, in Buggenhout.^[5] After her death, he married Monica Meert January 14, 1888, in Steenhuffel, Brabant, Belgium.^[6] Lodewyk’s French name in Belgium was Louis, a name easily portable to the United States. As Louis Van Zandt, he died February 3, 1892, in Cook County, Illinois at just under 41 years of age.^[7] He died at the Cook County Hospital and was buried in the Calvary Cemetery, Evanston, Cook County.^[8]
• Francisca Annaert was born July 13, 1853, in Buggenhout.^[9] She was the daughter of Jan Frans Annaert and Maria Ludovica Hofmans. She died December 8, 1886, in Buggenhout.^[10]
• Monica Meert [think Mairt] was born April 13, 1852, in Steenhuffel.^[11] She was the daughter of Judocus Franciscus Meert and Joanna Francisca Verbelen. As already noted, she married Lodewyk in 1888. After his death, she married Bruno Van Hecka or Van Hacke April 16, 1893, in Chicago.^[12] Monica died in Chicago January 14, 1901, at 48 years of age.^[13] She was also buried in the Calvary Cemetery.^[14]
• Bruno Van Hacke was born October 13, 1863, according to his death record. Census records report that he was born in Belgium. He appears to have had three children from a previous marriage, including a son named Charles, mentioned later. Bruno died October 11, 1931, in Illinois, apparently in Cook County.^[15] He was buried in the Mount Carmel Cemetery, Hillside, Cook County.^[16]

Lodewyk and Francisca’s children

• Joseph Van Sande was born May 11, 1876, in Buggenhout.^[17] He died there July 10, 1876.^[18]
• Jan Baptist Van Sande was born October 14, 1877, in Buggenhout.^[19] He was later known as Louis Van Zandt.
• Petrus Josephus Van Sande was born July 16, 1879, in Buggenhout.^[20] He died there December 3, 1879.^[21]
• Karel Van Sande was born June 23, 1881, in Buggenhout.^[22] He was later Charles Van Zandt.
• Irma Francisca Van Sande was born August 6, 1883, in Buggenhout.^[23] She married as Emma Van Zandt.
• Maria Van Sande was born August 8, 1885, in Buggenhout.^[24] She died there January 16, 1886.^[25]

Monica’s Belgian daughters

• Jeanette Elizabeth Meert was reportedly born in March 1880 in Belgium. I have not yet found her birth registration, but the 1900 census (see below) reported her month and year of birth.
• Maria Josephina Meert was born August 8, 1883, in Mechelen, Antwerpen, Belgium.^[26]

Lodewyk and Monica’s children

• Richard Joseph Coleta Van Sande was born October 14, 1888, in Buggenhout.^[27]
• Joanna Helena Van Sande was born February 7, 1890, in Grembergen, East Flanders. Her father was reported away in Chicago.^[28] She died June 4, 1890, in Cook County, Illinois.^[29]
• Willie Van Zandt was born July 19, 1892, after his father’s death, in Cook County, Illinois.^[30] He died there September 9, 1892.^[31] Willie was the only child born with the Van Zandt surname.

Bruno and Monica’s children

• Marie Louise Van Hacke was born January 24, 1894, in Chicago. Her birth was registered in Chicago in 1944.^[32]
• Frank Van Hacke was born in June 1896, probably in Chicago. His birth month and year were reported for the 1900 census (see below). Given that his sister Marie’s birth wasn’t recorded until decades later, Frank’s birth might never have been recorded.

Coming to America

Lodewyk and his former brother-in-law Joseph Annaert arrived at the Port of New York August 16, 1889, aboard the Belgenland, sailing from Antwerp. Both were listed as farmers bound for Chicago.^[33]

Monica Van Zande [sic] arrived at the Port of Philadelphia April 16, 1890, aboard the Belgenland, sailing from Antwerp. Several related families sailed with Monica, all bound for Illinois. Monica’s family was recorded on the manifest as follows:^[34]

• Monica Van Zande, adult
• Jeanette Meert, age 10
• Karell Van Zande, age 8
• Anna [apparently Irma] Van Zande, age 5
• Josepha Van Zande [Josephine Meert], age 4
• Richard Van Zande, age 1 ½
• Helene Van Zande, infant
• Johannes [Jan Baptist?] Van Zande, age 10.

Returning to America

Monica arrived with her family at the Port of New York March 8, 1899, aboard the Westernland, sailing from Antwerp. They had been residing in Hombeck [spelling?], which might be Hombeek, on the outskirts of Mechelen. Monica’s brother Ludovicus lived in Hombeek in the 1880s and perhaps beyond. Monica was returning to her husband Bruno at 606 14^th Street in Chicago. Her family was recorded on the manifest as follows:^[35]

• Monica Van Hecke, age 46
• Josefine Van Heck [Meert], age 11
• Karl Van Heck [apparently Richard Van Zandt, but could this have been Bruno’s son Charles?], age 8
• Marie Van Heck, age 4
• Frank Van Heck, age 2.

Bruno and Monica’s family, 1900

Monica and Bruno’s family was enumerated in 1900 on East Sixth Street in St. Charles, Kane County, Illinois. They were listed with the surname Van Nack, apparently a misunderstanding of Van Hacke or Van Acke. They were recorded as follows.^[36]

• Bruno Van Nack, head of household, born March 1852 in Belgium, naturalized citizen^[37]
• Monica Van Nack, wife, born April 1852 in Belgium, mother of seven children, two [not] still living
• Jennie Van Nack [Meert], stepdaughter, born March 1880 in Belgium
• Josephine Van Nack [Meert], stepdaughter, born August 1884 in Belgium
• Charles Van Nack [clearly Richard Van Zandt], stepson, born October 1888 in Belgium
• Mary Van Nack, daughter, born January 1894 in Illinois
• Frank Van Nack, son, born June 1896 in Illinois.

Lodewyk and Francisca’s children, 1900

The household of Alfred [Alfons] Verest was enumerated at 606 West 14^th Street in Chicago. This is apparently the home Monica returned to in 1899. The Verest household is of interest because Mary Verest was Monica Meert’s younger sister. Furthermore, and of particular interest, the Verests had taken in Louis Van Zandt’s children from his first marriage sometime after their father’s death. As I have previously discussed, there were other connections between the Verest and Van Sande families. The Verest household was recorded as follows:^[38]

• Alfred Verest, head of household, born January 1862 in Belgium, provisions dealer
• Mary Verest, wife, born March 1862 in Belgium, mother of four children, three still living
• Lillian Verest, daughter, born January 1890 in Illinois
• Raymond Verest, son, born July 1894 in Illinois
• Jennie Verest, daughter, born May 1896 in Illinois
• Emma Van Zandt [Irma Van Sande], boarder, born August 1883 in Belgium, grocery clerk
• Louis Van Zandt [Jan Baptist Van Sande], boarder, born October 1877 in Belgium, printer
• Charles Van Zandt [Karel Van Sande], boarder, born June 1881 in Belgium, printer
• Charles Millman, boarder, born January 1858 in Belgium, porter.

What became of the children as adults?

As we have seen, several of Louis’s and Monica’s children died in infancy. Frank Van Hacke, Monica’s last child, died April 22, 1913, in Chicago at the age of sixteen.^[39] I know of seven children who lived into adulthood. Six of them were born in Belgium and immigrated with Monica in 1890. The Van Sande surname became Van Zandt in America.

Jan Baptist Van Sande (Louis Van Zandt)

• Jan Baptist was not the first of that name in his family. His paternal grandfather and an uncle were also Jan Baptist Van Sande. Sometime after immigrating to the United States, he adopted the name Louis, perhaps after the death of his father.
• As Louis Van Zandt, he served as a volunteer in the Spanish-American War.^[40] He was granted a partial invalid pension in 1904.^[41] Louis had been reported as a naturalized citizen of the United States in the 1900 census, perhaps in connection with his military service.
• Louis married Carolina Catharina Van Staey September 29, 1906, in Chicago.^[42] Louis and Lena raised Richard Van Zandt’s daughter Evelyn and sons Richard and Louis. They were the grandparents Dee knew in her childhood.
• In 1910 Louis and Lena were recorded at 1928 West Huron Street in Chicago. Louis was working as a press feeder in a printing house.^[43]
• In 1920 Louis and Lena were living on Second Street in Elmhurst, DuPage County, Illinois with Lena’s stepfather and her mother Alfons and Marie Quirrynan. Louis was working as a printer in a printing company.^[44]
• In 1930 Louis and Lena were living at 408 Second Street in Elmhurst. Louis was working as a press feeder in a printing company.^[45]
• In 1940 Louis and Lena still lived at 408 West Second Street. Their nephews Louis and Richard Van Zandt were living with them. Louis the elder was working as a printer and his nephews were working in nickel plating.^[46]
• In 1950, the year of the most recent published census, Louis and Lena were again recorded at 408 West Second Street.^[47]
• Louis died July 14, 1972, at age 94 and was buried in the Elm Lawn Memorial Park in Elmhurst.^[48], [49]
• Lena died at age 104 on January 20, 1991, in DuPage County.^[50] She was presumably buried with Louis.

Karel Van Sande (Charles Van Zandt)

• Charles’s life somewhat paralleled that of his brother Louis. He adopted the middle name Louis in America, perhaps in memory of their father. Charles and his brother Louis both worked as printers and lived most of their adult lives in close proximity to each other.
• Charles became a naturalized citizen October 3, 1902, in Illinois.^[51]
• Charles married Josephine Dorothy Baxa June 5, 1906, in Chicago.^[52]
• In 1910 Charles and Josephine were living at 1635 South 40^th Court in Chicago. Charles was working as a printer.^[53]
• In 1920 Charles and Josephine were recorded at 405 Second Street in Elmhurst with daughter Bernice and son Harvey. Charles was working as a printer.^[54]
• In 1930 Charles and Josephine were recorded again at 405 Second Street with Bernice and Harvey. Charles was still working as a printer.^[55]
• In 1940 Charles and Josephine were living at 405 West Second Street with Bernice and Harvey. Louis was working as a printer and Bernice was a clerk in a real estate company. Harvey was unable to work.^[56]
• In 1950 Charles and Josephine continued to live at 405 West Second Street. Herman and Bernice Wendland lived upstairs. Charles was working as a printer for a daily newspaper [The Chicago Tribune].^[57] Harvey had moved to the State Hospital in Elgin.^[58]
• Charles died in January 1963 and was buried in Queen of Heaven Catholic Cemetery.^[59]
• Josephine died in September 1977 and was buried with her husband.^[60]

Irma Van Sande (Emma Wille)

• Emma Van Zandt married Fred Wille August 1, 1906, in Chicago.^[61]
• In 1910 Fred and Emma were recorded at 1130 Francisco Street in Chicago. Fred was working as a turner at a plumbing company and Emma as a waitress in a restaurant.^[62]
• In 1920 they lived at 3910 Wilcox Avenue with Fred’s mother, brother, and nephew. Fred was driving a milk wagon and Emma was a waitress.^[63]
• Emma died in Chicago November 18, 1922, and was buried in Oakridge Cemetery.^[64]
• Fred died in Chicago as a widower June 14, 1960, and was also buried in Oakridge Cemetery.^[65]

Jeanette Meert (Jeanette Barrett)

• As Jennie Van Zandt, Jeanette married George Lake Barrett October 14, 1903, in Chicago.^[66]
• In 1910 George and Jeanette were recorded at 421 Drake Avenue in Chicago with children Lillian, Walter, and Trudie Barrett. George was working as a building contractor.^[67]
• In 1920 they were living at 405 Drake Avenue with children Lillian, Walter, Gertrude, and Laurence. Bruno Van Hecke was also living with them. George was working as a carpenter.^[68]
• In 1930 George and Jeanette lived at 9112 Washington Street in Brookfield, Cook County, Illinois. Gertrude and Laurence were living in their household. George was working as a carpenter.^[69]
• In 1940 they were recorded in the same home with Lawrence [sic] in residence. George was a carpenter and Lawrence was a printer.^[70]
• George died December 11, 1943, and was buried in Woodlawn Cemetery, Forest Park, Cook County.^[71]
• In 1950 Jeanette was recorded as a widow in the household of her son Lawrence at 9112 Washington Street. Lawrence was working as a freight clerk in the railroad industry.^[72]
• Jeanette died in 1964 and was buried in Woodlawn Cemetery.^[73]

Josephine Meert (Josephine Kent)

• In 1920 Josephine Meert was recorded as Josephine Joos, divorced, with her daughter Bernice Joos at 6242 South Park Avenue [apparently now South Martin Luther King Drive] in Chicago. Philip Kent (Theophile Kint), a janitor born in Belgium, was living with Josephine as a lodger.^[74]
• In 1930 Josephine was living at 6238 South Park Way [again, South MLK Drive] with Phillip, listed as his wife. Bruno Vanack lived with them.^[75]
• Phillip was naturalized in Chicago June 29, 1939.^[76]
• In 1950 Phillip and Josephine lived at 1333 South Kimbark Avenue in Chicago. Phillip was working as an apartment building janitor.^[77] I have not found Josephine or Phillip in the 1910 and 1940 censuses.
• Phillip and Josephine were married November 20, 1950, in Chicago.^[78]
• Josephine became a naturalized citizen June 26, 1951.^[79]
• Josephine’s left leg was amputated and buried in 1961.^[80]
• Phillip died April 8, 1964,^[81] and was buried in St. Joseph’s Cemetery, River Grove, Cook County.^[82]
• Josephine died about November 1965 and was buried December 2 in St. Joseph’s Cemetery.^[83] I suspect that she died outside of Cook County because I haven’t found her in Cook County death records. Might she have been living with her daughter?

Richard Van Sande (Richard Van Zandt)

• Richard Van Zandt married Emma Hrobar (aka Robash) September 23, 1916, in Chicago.^[84] Richard and Emma were Dee’s actual grandparents. I posted an article recently about Emma.
• In 1920 Richard and Emma were recorded at 1750 West 14^th Place in Chicago with their daughter Evelyn. Richard was working as a teamster in the coal industry.^[85]
• In 1930 Richard and Emma were living at 1319 14^th Place with six children: Evelyn, Richard, Louis, Janett [sic], Anna, and Elizabeth. Richard was reported as a truck chauffeur for the city but was unemployed in 1930.^[86] Louis was Dee’s father.
• Richard left their home, probably in the early 1930s, resulting in the dissolution of his family. I have found no further record of Richard. 
• Emma died in Chicago in April 1972.^[87]

Marie Van Hacke (Marie Pedersen)

• In 1910 Marie Van Hacke was listed at 1310 Hasting Street in Chicago with her father Bruno and brother Frank.^[88]
• Marie married Roy Wesley Pederson June 5, 1915, in Chicago.^[89]
• In 1920 Roy and Marie were recorded at 168 Cortland Street in Chicago with son Roy Jr. and Josephine’s twice-counted daughter Bernice Joos. Roy was working as a milk driver.^[90]
• In 1930 Roy and Marie were living at 4427 North Melvina Avenue with sons Roy Jr. and Robert, as well as their niece Bernice Joos. Roy was working as a brokerage clerk.^[91]
• in 1940 Roy and Marie were recorded at the same address with Roy Jr., Robert, and Richard Van Zandt’s daughter Elizabeth, who was listed as their daughter Betty Lou. Betty later assumed the name Elizabeth Marie, perhaps in appreciation of Marie Pedersen. Roy was working as a salesman in the freight trucking industry.^[92]
• In 1950, Roy and Marie were living in their son Robert’s household at 1426 Austin Boulevard in Cicero, Cook County.^[93] Marie was working as a coil winder in electrical appliance manufacturing.
• Roy died June 6, 1951, in Chicago and was buried in Irving Park Cemetery.^[94]
• Marie died in December 1978 and was buried with her husband.^[95]

Further thoughts

Shifting family structures complicated reporting of children. Limited knowledge of stepchildren was sometimes an impediment in providing information for public records. As noted in the 1900 census enumeration, Monica was further limited by illiteracy and not being conversant in English. Sorting out Monica’s children poses additional challenges due in part to changing surnames. Her children were subject to acquiring surnames from stepfathers after Monica married and remarried. Jeanette, for example, sailed from Antwerp to Philadelphia as Jeanette Meert but married as Jennie Van Zandt. Josephine and Karl [Richard] were called Van Hacke in the Westernland manifest of 1899. Jennie, Josephine, and Charles [Richard] were all listed as Van Nack in the 1900 census.

Lodewyk’s and Monica’s grand family still poses puzzles to be discovered and understood. There’s always more to investigate and learn.

This picture from Christmas, 1952, shows Louis Van Zandt, Lodewyk’s oldest child, seated in the armchair with Lena at his side. Might Louis’s brother Charles have been the man on the couch at left? Louis and Lena’s nephew Richard was on the right in back with his wife Rosalie. Dee’s mother Dorothy was to the left of Rosalie. Louis and Lena’s niece Evelyn was on the left in back and her husband Melvin Radenz was the younger man on the couch. Who was the woman next to Lena? If you know any of the people in this picture, please identify or confirm them in comments.

Notes

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^[1] Belgium, East Flanders, Civil Registration, Buggenhout, Births, 1842-1859, FamilySearch, image 355 of 638, https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:939L-MGS6-9S, accessed March 14, 2024; from Belgium State Archives, East Flanders, Buggenhout Register of Births, 1851, record 14.

^[2] Belgium, East Flanders, Civil Registration, Buggenhout, Births, 1801-1822, FamilySearch, image 299 of 648, https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:939L-MJ7Q-T, accessed April 16, 2024; from Belgium State Archives, East Flanders, Buggenhout Register of Births, 1812, page 15.

^[3] Belgium, East Flanders, Civil Registration, Buggenhout, Deaths, 1843-1862, FamilySearch, image 294 of 559, https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:S3HY-688Q-L8F, accessed April 16, 2024; from Belgium State Archives, East Flanders, Buggenhout Register of Deaths, 1853, record 18.

^[4] Belgium, East Flanders, Civil Registration, Buggenhout, Deaths, 1802-1822, FamilySearch, image 338 of 588, https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:S3HT-63N3-138, accessed April 16, 2024; from Belgium State Archives, East Flanders, Buggenhout Register of Deaths, 1814, page 3.

^[5] Belgium, East Flanders, Civil Registration, Buggenhout, Marriages, 1872-1878, FamilySearch, image 438 of 593, https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:33SQ-GGVR-97X2, accessed March 15, 2024; from Belgium State Archives, East Flanders, Buggenhout Register of Marriages, 1874, record 35.

^[6] Belgium, Brabant, Civil Registration, Brabant, Marriages, 1885-1889, FamilySearch, image 613 0f 759, https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:9392-WB9D-D4, accessed March 16, 2024; from Belgium State Archives, Brabant, Steenhuffel Register of Marriages, record 1.

^[7] Illinois, Cook County Deaths, 1871-1998, FamilySearch, record of Louis Van Zandt, https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:N7VJ-Y38, accessed March 18, 2024; from Cook County Clerk, Chicago, Illinois.

^[8] Illinois, Archdiocese of Chicago, Cemetery Records, 1864-1989, FamilySearch, record of Louis Van Zandt, https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:Q2HN-CDQ7, accessed April 8, 2024; from burial card, Louis Van Zandt.

^[9] Belgium, East Flanders, Civil Registration, Buggenhout, Births, 1842-1859, FamilySearch, image 449 of 638, https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:939L-MGSZ-1F, accessed March 26, 2024; from Belgium State Archives, East Flanders, Buggenhout Register of Births, 1853, record 71.

^[10] Belgium, East Flanders, Civil Registration, Buggenhout, Deaths, 1879-1888, FamilySearch, image 772 of 852, https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:33S7-9PD3-SBT, accessed March 15, 2024; from Belgium State Archives, East Flanders, Buggenhout Register of Deaths, 1886, record 100.

^[11] Belgium, Brabant, Civil Registration, Steenhuffel, Births, 1852-1857, FamilySearch, image 8 of 648, https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:S3HY-68T9-F5L, accessed March 14, 2024; from Belgium State Archives, Brabant, Steenhuffel Register of Births, 1852, record 12.

^[12] Illinois, Cook County Marriages, 1871-1968, FamilySearch, record of Monica Van Zands, https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:N76L-W6K, accessed March 19, 2024; from Cook County Clerk, Chicago, Illinois.

^[13] Illinois, Cook County Deaths, 1871-1998, FamilySearch, record of Monica Van Hacke, https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:Q2MQ-48B7, accessed March 19, 2024; from Cook County Clerk, Chicago, Illinois.

^[14] Illinois, Archdiocese of Chicago, Cemetery Records, 1864-1889, FamilySearch, record of Monica VanAcke, https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:Q2HN-C8ZP, accessed March 19, 2024; from burial card, Monica VanAcke.

^[15] Illinois, Cook County Deaths, 1871-1998, FamilySearch, record of Bruno Van Hacke, https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:Q2M8-99JT, accessed March 26, 2024; from Cook County Clerk, Chicago, Illinois.

^[16] Illinois, Archdiocese of Chicago, Cemetery Records, 1864-1989, FamilySearch, record of Bruno Van Acke, https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:Q2HN-S735, accessed April 8, 2024; from Interment Register, Mount Carmel Cemetery, page 139.

^[17] Belgium, East Flanders, Civil Registration, Buggenhout, Births, 1873-1881, FamilySearch, image 118 of 593, https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:33S7-9GVR-9SSP, accessed March 15, 2024; from Belgium State Archives, East Flanders, Buggenhout Register of Births, 1876, record 85.

^[18] Belgium, East Flanders, Civil Registration, Buggenhout, Deaths, 1873-1877, FamilySearch, image 81 of 1001, https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:33SQ-GGVT-RQB, accessed March 15, 2024; from Belgium State Archives, East Flanders, Buggenhout Register of Deaths, 1876, record 58.

^[19] Belgium, East Flanders, Civil Registration, Buggenhout, Births, 1873-1881, FamilySearch, image 168 of 593, https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:33S7-9GVR-99LG, accessed March 15, 2024; from Belgium State Archives, East Flanders, Buggenhout Register of Births, 1877, record 121.

^[20] Belgium, East Flanders, Civil Registration, Buggenhout, Births, 1873-1881, FamilySearch, image 253 of 593, https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:33S7-9GVR-99RS, accessed March 15, 2024; from Belgium State Archives, East Flanders, Buggenhout Register of Births, 1879, record 93.

^[21] Belgium, East Flanders, Civil Registration, Buggenhout, Deaths, 1879-1888, FamilySearch, image 527 of 852, https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:33SQ-GPD3-3R3, accessed March 15, 2024; from Belgium State Archives, East Flanders, Buggenhout Register of Deaths, 1879, record 94.

^[22] Belgium, East Flanders, Civil Registration, Buggenhout, Births, 1873-1881, FamilySearch, image 349 of 593, https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:33SQ-GGVR-9728, accessed March 15, 2024; from Belgium State Archives, East Flanders, Buggenhout Register of Births, 1881, record 93.

^[23] Belgium, East Flanders, Civil Registration, Buggenhout, Births, 1882-1884, FamilySearch, image 80 of 155, https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:33SQ-GPDW-NFV, accessed March 15, 2024; from Belgium State Archives, East Flanders, Buggenhout Register of Births, 1883, record 104.

^[24] Belgium, East Flanders, Civil Registration, Buggenhout, Births, 1885-1888, FamilySearch, image 29 of 852, https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:33S7-9PD3-9QR, accessed March 15, 2024; from Belgium State Archives, East Flanders, Buggenhout Register of Births, 1885, record 93.

^[25] Belgium, East Flanders, Civil Registration, Buggenhout, Deaths, 1879-1888, FamilySearch, image 747 of 852, https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:33SQ-GPD3-S15, accessed March 15,2024; from Belgium State Archives, East Flanders, Buggenhout Register of Deaths, 1886, record 2.

^[26] Belgium, Antwerpen, Civil Registration, Mechelen, Births, 1881-1883, FamilySearch, image 1236 of 1456, https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:33S7-95QT-9LRS, accessed March 16, 2024; from Belgium State Archives, Antwerpen, Mechelen Register of Births, 1883, record 51 (stamped 1051).

^[27] Belgium, East Flanders, Civil Registration, Buggenhout, Births, 1885-1888, FamilySearch, image 202 of 852, https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:33SQ-GPD3-Q5B, accessed March 17, 2024; from Belgium State Archives, East Flanders, Buggenhout Register of Births, 1888, record 154.

^[28] Belgium, East Flanders, Civil Registration, Buggenhout, Births, 1889-1903, FamilySearch, image 58 of 639, https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:33S7-9P67-9MJC, accessed March 18, 2024; from Belgium State Archives, East Flanders, Buggenhout Register of Births, 1890, record 20.

^[29] Illinois, Cook County Deaths, 1871-1998, FamilySearch, record of Helene Van Sante, https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:N7K2-22C, accessed March 18, 2024; from Cook County Clerk, Chicago, Illinois.

^[30] Illinois, Cook County, Birth Certificates, 1871-1949, FamilySearch, record of Van Zandt, https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:NQR5-QYV, accessed March 18, 2024; from Cook County Clerk, Chicago, Illinois.

^[31] Illinois, Cook County Deaths, 1871-1998, FamilySearch, record of Willie Vanzandt, https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:Q2M3-RKDS, accessed March 18, 2024; from Cook County Clerk, Chicago, Illinois.

^[32] Illinois, Cook County, Birth Certificates, 1871-1949, FamilySearch, record of Marie Louise Van Acke, https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:Q239-8T5T, accessed March 19, 2024; from Cook County Clerk, Chicago, Illinois.

^[33] New York, U.S., Arriving Passenger and Crew Lists, 1820-1957, Ancestry, record of L Van Sande, https://www.ancestry.com/discoveryui-content/view/7263147:7488, accessed March 17, 2024; from List of Passengers, Port of New York, Belgenland arrival August 16, 1889, Steerage passenger 7.

^[34] Pennsylvania, U.S., Arriving Passenger and Crew Lists, 1798-1962, record of Monica Van Zande and family, Ancestry, https://www.ancestry.com/discoveryui-content/view/99973:8769, accessed March 18, 2024; from List of Passengers, Port of Philadelphia, Belgenland arrival April 16, 1890, Steerage passengers 233-240.

^[35] New York, U.S., Arriving Passenger and Crew Lists, 1820-1957, Ancestry, record of Monica Van Hecka, https://www.ancestry.com/discoveryui-content/view/4041730512:7488, accessed March 19, 2024; from List or Manifest of Alien Immigrants for the Commissioner of Immigration, Port of New York, Westernland sailing from Antwerp, February 25, 1899, page 61, passengers 11-15.

^[36] United States Census, 1900, FamilySearch, household of Bruno Van Nack, https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:MSW2-24L, accessed March 19, 2024; from U.S. National Archives and Records Administration, 1900 United States Census, Saint Charles, Kane County, Illinois, Enumeration District 114, Population Schedule, sheet 3A (stamped 322A).

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^[38] United States Census, 1900, FamilySearch, household of Alfred Verest, https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:MS33-N4R, accessed March 23, 2024; from U.S. National Archives and Records Administration, 1900 United States Census, Chicago Ward 9, Cook County, Illinois, Enumeration District 230, Population Schedule, sheet 9A (stamped 224A)

^[39] Illinois, Cook County Deaths, 1871-1998, FamilySearch, record of Frank Van Hacke, https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:Q2M7-YDBN, accessed March 19, 2024; from Cook County Clerk, Chicago, Illinois.

^[40] United States General Index to Pension Files, 1861-1934, FamilySearch, record of Louis Van Zandt,  https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:QJDP-YG5F, accessed April 6, 2024; from U.S. National Archives and Records Administration.

^[41] United States Veterans Administration Pension Payment Cards, 1907-1933, FamilySearch, record of Louis Van Zandt,  https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:QJD3-DYD5, accessed April 6, 2024; from U.S. National Archives and Records Administration.

^[42] Illinois, Chicago, Catholic Church Records, 1833-1925, FamilySearch, record of Ludovicus Van Zandt, https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:Q2YM-2H4T, accessed March 25, 2024; from St. John Berchmans Chicago Marriage Records.

^[43] United States Census, 1910, FamilySearch, household of Louis Van Zandt, https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:MKC5-KDB, accessed March 25, 2024; from U.S. National Archives and Records Administration, 1910 United States Census, Enumeration District 684, Chicago Ward 14, Cook County, Illinois, Enumeration District 230, Population Schedule, sheet 12B.

^[44] United States Census, 1920, FamilySearch, household of Louis Vanzandt, https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:MJWL-ZM5, accessed March 25, 2024; from U.S. National Archives and Records Administration, 1920 United States Census, Elmhurst Ward 2, York Township, DuPage County, Illinois, Enumeration District 30, Population Schedule, sheet 20B.

^[45] United States Census, 1930, FamilySearch, household of Louis Van Zandt, https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:XSY9-LHN, accessed March 25, 2024; from U.S. National Archives and Records Administration, 1930 United States Census, Elmhurst Ward 2, York Township, DuPage County, Illinois, Enumeration District 22-3, Population Schedule, sheet 19B.

^[46] United States Census, 1940, FamilySearch, household of Louis Van Zandt, https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:KW42-VZ9, accessed March 25, 2024; from U.S. National Archives and Records Administration, 1940 United States Census, Elmhurst Ward 2, York Township, DuPage County, Illinois, Enumeration District 22-4, Population Schedule, sheet 29A.

^[47] United States Census, 1950, FamilySearch, household of Louis Vanzandt, https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:6J4H-6G3Y, accessed March 25,2024; from U.S. National Archives and Records Administration, 1950 United States Census, Elmhurst, DuPage County, Illinois, Enumeration District 22-11, Population Schedule, sheet 15.

^[48] Find a Grave Index, FamilySearch, record of Louis Van Zandt, https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:Q23Y-DMSQ, accessed March 25, 2024.

^[49] Illinois Soldier Burial Places, 1774-1974, FamilySearch, record of Louis Van Zandt, https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:QVYM-TF99, accessed March 25,2024.

^[50] United States Social Security Death Index, FamilySearch, record of Lena Vanzandt, https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:J2T3-PTY, accessed March 25, 2024; from U.S. Social Security Administration, Death Master File, Alexandria, Virginia.

^[51] Illinois, Northern District Naturalization Index, 1840-1950, FamilySearch, record of Chas L Van Zandt, https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:XKP7-G44, accessed April 7, 2024; from U.S. District and Circuit Courts, Northern District of Illinois.

^[52] Illinois, Cook County Marriages, 1871-1968, FamilySearch, record of Charles L. Van Zandt, https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:N74B-TXV, accessed March 28, 2024; from Cook County Clerk, Chicago, Illinois.

^[53] United States Census, 1910, FamilySearch, household of Charles Van Zandt, https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:MK8V-JHM, accessed March 28, 2024; from U.S, National Archives and Records Administration, 1910 United States Census, Chicago Ward 34, Cook County, Illinois, Enumeration District 1478, Population Schedule, sheet 12A.

^[54] United States Census, 1920, FamilySearch, household of Charles Van Zandt, https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:MJWL-ZMJ, accessed March 29, 2024; from U.S. National Archives and Records Administration, 1920 United States Census, Elmhurst Ward 2, York Township, DuPage County, Illinois, Enumeration District 30, Population Schedule, sheet 20A.

^[55] United States Census, 1930, FamilySearch, household of Charles Van Zandt, https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:XSY9-L4N, accessed March 29, 2024; from U.S. National Archives and Records Administration, 1930 United States Census, Elmhurst Ward 2, York Township, DuPage County, Illinois, Enumeration District 22-3, Population Schedule, sheet 19A.

^[56] United State Census, 1940, FamilySearch, household of Charles Van Zandt, https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:KW42-FLQ, accessed March 29, 2024; from U.S.  National Archives and Records Administration, 1940 United States Census, Elmhurst Ward 2, York Township, DuPage County, Illinois, Enumeration District 22-4, Population Schedule, sheet 28A.

^[57] United States Census, 1950, FamilySearch, household of Charles L Van Zandt, https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:6J4H-KKYS, accessed March 29, 2024; from U.S. National Archives and Records Administration, 1950 United States Census, Elmhurst, DuPage County, Illinois, Enumeration District 22-11, Population Schedule, sheet 72.

^[58] United States Census, 1950, FamilySearch, record of Harvey Van Zandt, https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:6X16-MND9, accessed April 8, 2024; from U.S. National Archives and Records Administration, 1950 United States Census, Elgin State Hospital, Elgin, Kane County, Illinois, Enumeration District 45-150, Population Schedule, sheet 20.

^[59] Illinois, Archdiocese of Chicago, Cemetery Records, 1864-1989, FamilySearch, record of Charles Vanzandt, https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:Q2HF-6MH6, accessed March 29, 2024; from burial card, Charles Vanzandt.

^[60] Illinois, Archdiocese of Chicago, Cemetery Records, 1864-1989, FamilySearch, record of Josephine Van Zandt, https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:Q2HF-6MC4, accessed March 29, 2024; from burial card, Josephine Van Zandt.

^[61] Illinois, Cook County Marriages, 1871-1968, FamilySearch, record of Emma Vanzandt, https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:N7HM-JB9, accessed April 6, 2024; from Cook County Clerk.

^[62] United States Census, 1910, FamilySearch, household of Fred Willie, https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:MKC5-FQZ, accessed March 29, 2024; from U.S. National Archives and Records Administration, 1910 United States Census, Chicago Ward 13, Cook County, Illinois, Enumeration District 668, Population Schedule, sheet 7B.

^[63] United States Census, 1920, FamilySearch, household of Fred W Wille, https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:MJ32-6G8, accessed March 29, 2024; from U.S. National Archives and Records Administration, 1920 United States Census, Chicago Ward 13, Cook County, Illinois, Enumeration District 769, Population Schedule, sheet 5B.

^[64] Illinois, Cook County Deaths, 1871-1998, FamilySearch, record of Emma Wille, https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:Q2MD-4HT9, accessed March 29, 2024; from Cook County Clerk, Chicago, Illinois.

^[65] Illinois, Cook County Deaths, 1871-1998, FamilySearch, record of Fred Wille, FamilySearch, https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:QV9N-GCJY, accessed March 29, 2024; from Cook County Clerk, Chicago, Illinois.

^[66] Illinois, Cook County Marriages, 1871-1968, FamilySearch, record of Jennie Van Zandt, https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:N7HK-J84, accessed March 27, 2024; from Cook County Clerk, Chicago, Illinois.

^[67] United States Census, 1910, FamilySearch, household of George L Barrett, https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:MK8G-QH8, accessed March 27, 2024; from U.S. National Archives and Records Administration, 1910 United states Census, Chicago Ward 35, Cook County, Illinois, Enumeration District 1526, Population Schedule, sheet 8A.

^[68] United States Census, 1920, FamilySearch, household of George Barrett, https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:MJ3P-57X, accessed March 27, 2024; from U.S. National Archives and Records Administration, 1920 United States Census, Chicago Ward 14, Cook County, Illinois, Enumeration District 868, Population Schedule, sheets 8B and 9A.

^[69] United States Census, 1930, FamilySearch, household of George L Barrett, https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:XSTF-Z3D, accessed March 27, 2024; from U.S. National Archives and Records Administration, 1930 United States Census, Brookfield, Proviso Township, Cook County, Illinois, Enumeration District 16-2167, Population Schedule, sheet 1A.

^[70] United States Census, 1940, FamilySearch, household of George L Barrett, https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:KW4H-KBQ, accessed March 28, 2024; from U.S. National Archives and Records Administration, 1940 United States Census, Brookfield, Proviso Township, Cook County, Illinois, Enumeration District 16-254, Population Schedule, sheet 19A.

^[71] Illinois, Cook County Deaths, 1871-1998, FamilySearch, record of George L Barrett, https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:Q2MH-4YV2, accessed March 28, 2024; from Cook County Clerk, Chicago, Illinois.

^[72] United States Census, 1950, FamilySearch, household of Lawrence F Barrett, https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:6X1L-VBNB, accessed March 28, 2024; from U.S. National Archives and Records Administration, 1950 United States Census, Brookfield, Cook County, Illinois, Enumeration District 16-364, Population Schedule, sheet 74.

^[73] Find a Grave Index, FamilySearch, record of Jeanette E Barrett, https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:6LX4-PNSF, accessed March 25, 2024.

^[74] United States Census, 1920, FamilySearch, household of Josephine Joos, https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:MJSR-LBH, accessed March 25, 2024; from U.S. National Archives and Records Administration, 1920 United States Census, Chicago Ward 6, Cook County, Illinois, Enumeration District 872, Population Schedule, sheet 11A.

^[75] United States Census, 1930, FamilySearch, household of Philipp Kent, https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:XSL2-K7T, accessed March 30, 2024; from U.S. National Archives and Records Administration, 1930 United States Census, Chicago Ward 17, Cook County, Illinois, Enumeration District 16-629, Population Schedule, sheet 13B.

^[76] Illinois, Northern District Naturalization Index, 1840-1950, FamilySearch, record of Phillip Kent, https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:XKGH-FJT, accessed April 7, 2024; from U.S. District and Circuit Courts, Northern District of Illinois.

^[77] United States Census, 1950, FamilySearch, household of Phillip Kent, https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:6X1F-4K9L, accessed March 30, 2024; from U.S. National Archives and Records Administration, Chicago, Cook County, Illinois, Enumeration District 103690, Population Schedule, sheet 2.

^[78] Illinois, Cook County Marriages, 1871-1968, FamilySearch, record of Josephine Van Zandt, https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:7WG9-63N2, accessed March 25, 2024; from Cook County Clerk, Chicago, Illinois.

^[79] Illinois, Northern District (Eastern Division) Naturalization Index, 1926-1979, FamilySearch, record of Josephine Kent, https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:2H5P-QG8, accessed March 30, 2024; from District Court for the Chicago Division of the Northern District of Illinois, Petitions for Naturalization, compiled 1906-1991.

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^[81] Illinois, Cook County Deaths, 1871-1998, FamilySearch, record of Phillip Kent, https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:Q2M6-1LV9, accessed March 30, 2024; from Cook County Clerk, Chicago, Illinois.

^[82] Illinois, Archdiocese of Chicago, Cemetery Records, 1864-1889, FamilySearch, record of Phillip Kent, https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:Q2HN-WJ3M, accessed March 30, 2024; from burial card, Phillip Kent.

^[83] Illinois, Archdiocese of Chicago, Cemetery Records, 1864-1989, FamilySearch, record of Josephine Kent, https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:Q2HN-WJ9P, accessed March 24, 2024; from burial card, Josephine Kent.

^[84] Illinois, Cook County Marriages, 1871-1968, FamilySearch, record of Richard Van Zandt, https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:N7ZK-5XT, accessed March 24, 2024; from Cook County Clerk, Chicago, Illinois.

^[85] United States Census, 1920, FamilySearch, household of Richard Van Zandt, https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:MJ3X-XQ8, accessed April 1, 2024; from U.S. National Archives and Records Administration, 1920 United States Census, Chicago Ward 10, Cook County, Illinois, Enumeration District 10, Population Schedule, sheet 7B.

^[86] United States Census, 1930, FamilySearch, household of Richard Vangandt or Vanzandt, https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:XSG6-JBV, accessed April 1, 2024; from U.S. National Archives and Records Administration, 1930 United States Census, Chicago Ward 26, Cook County, Illinois, Enumeration District 16-925, Population Schedule, sheet 4B.

^[87] United States Social Security Death Index, FamilySearch, record of Emma Vanzandt, Cook County, Illinois, https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:J21P-4ZS, accessed April 1, 2024; from U.S. Social Security Administration, Death Master File.

^[88] United States Census, 1910, FamilySearch, household of Branno Wenleck, https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:MKC6-NKN, accessed April 2, 2024; from U.S. National Archives and Records Administration, 1910 United States Census, Chicago Ward 10, Cook County, Illinois, Enumeration District 523, Population Schedule, sheet 12B. 

^[89] Illinois, Cook County Marriages, 1871-1968, FamilySearch, record of Roy Pedersen, https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:N7ZZ-TJD, accessed April 1, 2024; from Cook County Clerk, Chicago, Illinois.

^[90] United States Census, 1920, FamilySearch, household of Roy Pedersen, https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:MJ7G-QZY, accessed April 1, 2024; from U.S. National Archives and Records Administration, 1920 United States Census, Chicago Ward 33, Cook County, Illinois, Enumeration District 2082, Population Schedule, sheet 8A.

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^[92] United States Census, 1940, FamilySearch, household of Roy W Pedersen, https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:K4M8-5X3, accessed April 1, 2024; from U.S. National Archives and Records Administration, 1940 United States Census, Chicago Ward 41, Cook County, Illinois, Enumeration District 103-2618, Population Schedule, sheet 1B.

^[93] United States Census, 1950, FamilySearch, household of Robert Pedersen, https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:6X1F-KSJK, accessed April 1, 2024; from U.S. National Archives and Records Administration, 1950 United States Census, Cicero, Cook County, Illinois, Enumeration District 105-16, Population Schedule, sheets 4-5.

^[94] Illinois, Cook County Deaths, 1871-1998, FamilySearch, record of Roy Weseley Pedersen, https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:Q2M4-2CC8, accessed April 1, 2024; from Cook County Clerk, Chicago, Illinois.

^[95] Find a Grave Index, FamilySearch, record of Marie L Vanacke Pedersen, https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:6PX6-82XF, accessed April 1, 2024.