Who was my great-great-great grandmother Esther David Case? For a long time, I didn’t even know her name. I have seen her referred to as Esther Frances Case or David, but not in any source records. I think that Ethel James, Dad’s cousin Avey’s wife, informed me of Esther’s husband Jonathan. Eventually I did learn a bit about Jonathan and Esther’s family, but I still don’t know much about Esther.

Boots on the ground

My hunt for Case ancestors took me to Ontario, Canada, from whence they came to Michigan. Dad’s maternal grandfather Edwin Case was born in Oxford County, Canada West (now Ontario) in British Colonial America. Edwin’s father Joshua Case came to Oxford County as a child around 1836. Joshua was among two daughters and two sons of Jonathan and Esther Case born in Cayuga County, New York. Five daughters and two sons were added to their family in Oxford County. Jonathan and Esther lived their remaining years there.

My wife Dee and I have enjoyed research trips to Ontario, sometimes in conjunction with Ontario Genealogical Society conferences. On one of these trips, we explored the Oriel Pioneer Cemetery near Woodstock in Oxford County. This cemetery was Jonathan and Esther Case’s final resting place. The cemetery was originally in the churchyard of the Oriel Methodist Episcopal Church. After their congregation joined with the nearby Wesleyan Methodist church, the building was sold and moved away.^[1] The grounds have since been left to nature, but a monument was installed at the front of the cemetery recording people buried there.

Jonathan and Esther’s family

Jonathan and Esther were probably married in 1826, perhaps in Cayuga County, but I have found no direct evidence to tell me. They had at least thirteen children together.

1. Hannah M. Case was born June 29, 1827 in New York and died May 27, 1894 in Michigan.^[2] She married Jonathan Dennis Kennedy March 1, 1848 in East Oxford, Brock District, Canada West.^[3] She might have been named after her paternal grandmother Hannah Milliman.
2. Sarah Ann Case was born about 1832 in New York and died January 17, 1899 in Burlington, Lapeer County, Michigan.^[4] If Joshua’s birth date is correct, Sarah was probably born before 1832. She married William Henry Kennedy May 29, 1853 in East Oxford, Brock District, Canada West.^[5] Jonathan Kennedy and William Kennedy were sons of John Kennedy and Anna Spencer.
3. Joshua Case, my great-great grandfather, was born October 12, 1832 in New York and died November 18, 1914 in Sheridan Township, Mecosta County, Michigan.^[6] He married Sarah Chamberlain, my great-great grandmother, October 27, 1851 in Brock District, Canada West.^[7] Sarah died of typhoid fever December 20, 1872 in West Oxford, Oxford County, Ontario, Canada.^[8] Joshua remarried to Sarah (Fisher) McCollum October 10, 1873 in North Branch, Lapeer County, Michigan.^[9] They divorced in Lapeer County February 10, 1906.^[10]
4. William Henry Case was born May 9, 1835 in New York and died June 26, 1918 in Erin Township, Macomb County, Michigan.^[11] He married Emma Ogden December 27, 1859 in Oxford County, Canada West.^[12]
5. Caroline Case was born June 17, 1837 in Upper Canada (later Canada West) and died June 30, 1915 in Burlington Township, Lapeer County, Michigan.^[13] She married John McInally about 1856, apparently in Canada West as their oldest children were born there.
6. Caleb George Case was born April 1, 1838 in East Oxford (now Norwich), Upper Canada and died February 19, 1910 in Dayton Township, Tuscola County, Michigan.^[14] He married Emily Spencer June 10, 1860 in Oxford County, Canada West.^[15] Emily was a first cousin of the Kennedy brothers who married Caleb’s older sisters. I have written previously of Caleb George.
7. Elizabeth M. Case was born about May 19, 1844 in Canada West and died August 29, 1878 in Rich Township, Lapeer County, Michigan.^[16] Her three-month-old twins died five days later. She married James Heatley October 26, 1862 in Oxford County, Canada West.^[17]
8. Rachel Case was born about 1846 in Norwich, Oxford County, Canada West and died January 26, 1908 in Franklin County, Iowa.^[18] She married James C Underwood March 27, 1866 in Oxford County, Canada West.^[19]
9. Emily Frances Case was born December 13, 1850 in Norwich, Oxford County, Canada West and died May 7, 1921 in Bay City, Bay County, Michigan.^[20] She married Francis Catto October 3, 1883 in Sarnia, Lambton County, Ontario.^[21]
10. Louisa Case was born June 6, 1851 in Canada West and died January 24, 1901 in Essexville, Bay County, Michigan.^[22] Either her birthdate or Emily’s is apparently off by a year. She married Isaac Ogden about 1872, presumably in Ontario.
11. Jonathan Elwood Case was born May 16, 1853 in Canada West and died October 9, 1935 in Marathon Township, Lapeer County, Michigan.^[23] He married Martha Matilda Hall January 21, 1873 in Norwich, Oxford County, Ontario.^[24]

Some of these records state Esther’s birth name as Ester or Esther David(s). I don’t remember when or where I learned of her maiden name, but these records certainly inform us.

Following Jonathan and Esther’s household

1830, Cayuga County, New York

The first census taken after Jonathan and Esther’s marriage occurred in 1830. An entry in the census of the Town of Fleming, Cayuga County, New York appears to reflect their family.^[25] This household consisted of five people.

• Head of household: Jonathan Case
• Free white males, 20-29: 1
• Free white females, 20-29: 1
• Free white females under 5: 3

The entry before Jonathan’s appears to be his brother George. Their father John Case is listed on the next page. John and Jonathan were not historically considered to be the same name. If this was Jonathan and Esther’s family, one or two of their daughters either died young or have not yet been identified in later records.

1842, Upper Canada (Canada West)

Jonathan and Esther had migrated west to Upper Canada before the 1840 census was taken. The 1842 census of Canada is incomplete, and I have not found a record of Jonathan Case’s household.

1851, Oxford County, Canada West

Jonathan and Esther’s family was recorded in the 1851 census of Oxford County.^[26], [27] Household members are found in an image at the Library and Archives Canada site.

• Jonathan Cose [Case], farmer, born in New York, Methodist Episcopal, age 46 [at next birthday], male
• E. [Esther] Case, spinster, born in Vermont, Methodist Episcopal, age 42, female
• S.A. [Sarah Ann] Case, spinster, born in New York, Methodist Episcopal, age 20, female
• W^m Case, labourer, born in New York, Methodist Episcopal, age 17, male
• C. [Caroline] Case, spinster, born in Canada, Methodist Episcopal, age 15, female
• C. [Caleb] Case, labourer, born in Canada, Methodist Episcopal, age 13, male
• E. [Elizabeth] Case, child, born in Canada, Methodist Episcopal, age 8, female
• R. [Rachel] Case, child, born in Canada, Methodist Episcopal, age 6, female
• E. [Emily] Case, child, born in Canada, Methodist Episcopal, age 4, female
• L. [Louisa] Case, child, born in Canada, Methodist Episcopal, age 1, female

Caleb’s future wife Emily Spencer was living next door.

1861, Oxford County, Canada West

Jonathan and Esther’s family was also recorded in Oxford in the 1861 census enumeration.^[28], [29]Household members are visible at the Library and Archives Canada site. I have changed some provincial names to reflect their designations at date of birth.

• Jonathan Case, farmer, born in United States, Episcopal Methodist, age 55 [at next birthday], male, married
• Esther Case, born in United States, Episcopal Methodist, age 51, female, married
• Caleb Case, farmer, born in Upper Canada, Episcopal Methodist, age 22, male, married
• Elizabeth Case, born in Canada West, Episcopal Methodist, age 17, female, single
• Rachel Case, born in Canada West, Episcopal Methodist, age 15, female, single
• Emily Case, born in Canada West, Episcopal Methodist, age 13, female, single
• Louisa Case, born in Canada West, Episcopal Methodist, age 10, female, single
• Elwood Case, born in Canada West, Episcopal Methodist, age 8, male, single

Jonathan’s house was of frame construction, not marked as being built, but vacant. Caleb was listed in this household but marked absent and recorded as married. Jonathan and Esther’s son William and his wife were listed immediately following and might have been in the same household.

• Wm Case Jun, farmer, born in United States, Wesleyan Methodist, age 26, male, married
• Amy Case, born in New Brunswick, Wesleyan Methodist, age 20, female, married

William’s junior designation indicated that he was known as the younger William Case, not that his father’s name was William. Jonathan’s brother William’s family was recorded on the same page.

1871, Oxford County, Ontario

As noted on the Oriel Pioneer memorial, Esther died in 1867. Jonathan’s shrinking household was recorded in Oxford in the 1871 census.^[30], [31] Again, household members are visible at the Library and Archives Canada site. Provincial names represent identity before the 1867 establishment of the country of Canada and the province of Ontario. 

• Jonathan Case, male, age 64, born in United States, Episcopal Methodist, English origin, farmer, widowed
• Emily Case, female, age 22, born in Canada West, Episcopal Methodist, English origin
• Louisa Case, female, age 20, born in Canada West, Episcopal Methodist, English origin
• Jonathan E Case, male, age 18, born in Canada West, Episcopal Methodist, English origin, farmer

Esther, where did you come from?

Esther, can you hear me? I know that your husband Jonathan was born in New York and that his parents were John and Hannah (Milliman) Case. The 1851 census says that you were born in Vermont, and this is supported by secondary sources pertaining to your children. Who were your parents and siblings? Did you name any children after them? If you can give me any hints, I would love to learn more about you.

Clues from DNA testing

I have not yet found historical records that reveal Esther’s birth family. Can DNA testing help? For ancestry this far back, autosomal DNA test results won’t prove Esther’s parentage, but they might provide clues to guide the search for relevant documentary records.

I share DNA on multiple platforms with other testers who have David ancestors. This DNA came from our shared ancestors, whoever they were. Ancestry.com’s ThruLines tool correlates shared DNA with the family trees of other testers who share that DNA. Those trees are often quite sparse, but they can give me a better idea where to look for records and connections.

I share DNA with quite a few descendants of John and Susannah (Hamilton) David of Chittenden County, Vermont. I have tentatively identified the following children of John and Susannah:

1. Ruth David, 1787-1868
2. Truman David, 1790-1852
3. Roswell David, 1791-1866
4. Lyman David, 1793-1873
5. John David, 1797-1840
6. Alpha David, 1799-1868
7. Susannah David, 1800-1870
8. Uriah David, 1802-1896

A census of Leeds County, Upper Canada in 1801 reflects everyone in this family list except Truman and also Uriah, who was not yet born.^[32] Older children were probably born in Vermont, which was the independent Vermont Republic before it was accepted in January 1791 as the fourteenth state of the United States. Younger children were reportedly born in Elizabethtown, Leeds County. One researcher, with whom I have had no contact, stated years ago that John and Susannah David moved with their family to Upper Canada in the 1790s and later returned to Vermont, possibly at the outbreak of the War of 1812. John was in Vermont for the 1790,^[33] 1820^[34] and 1830^[35] censuses but not the censuses of 1800 or 1810. After their return, John and Susannah reportedly lived the remainder of the lives in Chittenden County.

Although Truman wasn’t listed with John and Susannah’s family in the 1801 census, he might have been living with someone else as a laborer. An index to land records in Steuben County, New York, shows two entries for Truman David, one for Roswell David, and one for Mary David on the same page.^[36] The index doesn’t reveal the dates of these land transactions, but the entries point to land books representing different periods of time. Nevertheless, these land transactions in the same county might reflect an association between Truman and Roswell.

Moving back a generation is more conjectural. Online records are sparse. It also seems that the surname David was sometimes interpreted as the more familiar name Davis, compounding the difficulty of finding members of this family.

• John David might have been a son of William David and Ruth North, who lived in the vicinity of Albany, New York. William and Ruth were parents of Francis David, baptized May 3, 1779 in the First Dutch Reformed Church of Albany.^[37] If this was John David’s family, it suggests the possibility that their surname, often rendered as Davids, might have originated as a Dutch patronymic name. There were also colonial David families in Pennsylvania and southward that reportedly originated in Wales with the patronymic name ‘ap David’ (son of David}.
• John had an apparent sister Esther who is believed to be a daughter of William David and Ruth North. As Ester Barnum, she and her family were listed next to John and Susannah David in the 1801 census of Leeds County, Upper Canada.^[38]
• William and Ruth likely had other children including sons who could have been Esther Case’s father.

ThruLines distribution for descendants of William David

What does ThruLines tell us about DNA shared with descendants of John David’s family and apparent close relatives? 

DNA is measured in units called centiMorgans (cM). Our autosomal DNA in chromosomes 1-22 comes in pairs, one from each parent. When we pass on a single chromosome to a child, DNA is taken in stretches from the two chromosomes we inherited from our parents, crossing over from the chromosome we received from one parent to the other. A centiMorgan is the average “distance” along a chromosome at which a crossover from one parent to the other is likely on average to occur.

To put the amount of DNA I share with these matches in perspective, I share over 900 cM of DNA with a couple of my first cousins and between about 300 and 575 cM of DNA with a few of my parents’ first cousins. I undoubtedly have many DNA matches on Ancestry who weren’t matched to trees by ThruLines. I certainly have many distant relatives through Esther who haven’t tested DNA or who didn’t inherit the segments of DNA that I inherited.

The following tables show the distribution of my ThruLines matches among potential David ancestors.

William David
John, 1766-1836							Harvey, 1807-1877
Ruth, 1787-1868	Burns, 1790-	Truman. 1790-1852	Roswell, 1791-1866	Lyman, 1793-1873	John, 1797-1840	Alpha, 1799-1868	Maria, 1830-1909
KW 6 cM, JC 7M	RD 23 cM, BH 17 cM	GT 14 cM. BH 14 cM	IS 7 cM, SK 7 cM	32 matches (see the distribution for Lyman David)	HM 12 cM, IM 10 cM	JC 9 cM, LS 8 cM, KS 7 cM, WH 8 cM, CC 11 cM, SN 9cM, EG 15 cM, JH 52 cM	LD 7 cM

ThruLines distribution for descendants of Lyman David

Lyman David
William Anson, 1817-1877		Harvey,1818-		Lyman,1822-	Horatio,1833-1891
SA 23 cM, KG 28 cM, KJ 20 cM, ZA 14 cM, DJ 14 cM, DE 17 cM, JL 19 cM,	DD 9 cM, KS 31 cM, LD 45 cM, KD 31 cM, TN 42 cM, RP 12 cM	PJ 7 cM, MG 11 cM, MJ 11 cM, RM 10 cM, LR 9 cM, AH 23 cM, ME 7 cM,	GD 17 cM, MD 7 cM, SH 9 cM	RW 8 cM, DA 46 cM	LU 21 cM, DH 9 cM, HK 10 cM, RB 23 cM, TR 7 cM, RB 23 cM, JM 9 cM

Adjusted distribution

ThruLines is heavily dependent on family trees posted by other DNA testers. Not surprisingly, those trees are sometimes uncertain for a number of reasons, among them a propensity to copy other trees without investigation. Family relationships are often difficult to determine in British colonial and early United States records. Some churches kept baptism, marriage, and death records, but many did not. Most provinces, states and local governments didn’t start recording births, marriages, and deaths until later in the 1800s. Land and probate records often revealed family relationships, but they aren’t generally accessible without visiting courthouses, usually requiring travel. United States census records didn’t reveal family members’ names until 1850.

I have made a few adjustments to potential connections with William and John David’s families.

• Testers who have traced their lineage to Burns David have made that connection through William Anson David, who is actually a son of Lyman David. I haven’t found any evidence of Burns David.
• The elder Harvey David’s descendant LD has identified Harvey’s parents as William and Lydia David, with William born in 1748 and no knowledge of Lydia beyond her given name. Generationally, this William could potentially have been John’s father, as reflected in my original distribution table. William would have to have had a much younger wife to have fostered Harvey in 1807. I think it more likely that Harvey David’s father William was a brother or cousin of John, not John’s father.
• Another DNA match, LB, was my high school classmate, although we had no idea that we were related. LB is not shown in my original distribution table because he wasn’t matched to a shared ancestor by ThruLines. LB’s ancestry has been traced by his brother-in-law DW to William David, born in 1778, and Lydia Finney through their daughter Belinda. Both DW and Harvey’s descendant LD have connected their William’s ancestry to Wales, with ties to Pennsylvania. DW has William born in North Carolina, Lydia born in Connecticut, and Belinda born in Greenbush, New York, west of Albany. Given our shared DNA, might Belinda and Harvey David have been siblings? If they were siblings, was their father a brother of John as reflected in the following table? Be mindful that these relationships are speculative.

William David
John, 1766-1836						William, about 1878-
Ruth,1787-1868	Truman, 1790-1852	Roswell, 1791-1866	Lyman, 1793-1873	John,1797-1840	Alpha, 1799-1868	Belinda, 1800-	Harvey, 1807-1877
KW 6 cM, JC 7M	GT 14 cM, BH 14 cM	IS 7 cM, SK 7 cM	32 matches plus RD 23 cM, BH 17 cM	HM 12 cM, IM 10 cM	JC 9 cM, LS 8 cM, KS 7 cM, WH 8 cM, CC 11 cM, SN 9cM, EG 15 cM, JH 52 cM	LB 24 cM	LD 7 cM

How could Esther be related to these families?

Was Esther Case a daughter or granddaughter of John David and Susannah Hamilton? Was she a descendant of a brother or cousin of John? Esther’s parents, whoever they were, are six generations back in my ancestry. My generation of Esther’s descendants are my fifth cousins.

I am doubtful that Esther was John and Susannah’s daughter. Census records and children’s death records point to Vermont as Esther’s place of birth, but John and Susannah were probably still in Upper Canada in 1810. Esther’s oldest known daughter Hannah was born in 1827, so Esther was probably not born many years later than 1810. Susannah was getting along in years by this time as well.

I share more DNA with matches who are descended from Lyman and Alpha than with descendants of other ancestors mentioned here. This could be a result of several factors:

• Esther could have been in Lyman’s or Alpha’s family.
• More of Lyman and Alpha’s descendants might have tested their DNA.
• I might happen to have inherited more of the same segments of DNA with descendants of Lyman and Alpha than with descendants of other family members. DNA segments inherited from parents can vary considerably among siblings.

Lyman was certainly old enough to have been Esther’s father, but his first wife, Lavinia, was not yet of age. Her first child of which I am aware, William Anson David, was born about 1817.

Truman and Roswell are the only other sons of John and Susannah David who would have plausibly been old enough to be Esther’s father.

• Truman’s first child that I am aware of was born in 1813 and died in Shelburne, Chittenden County, Vermont in 1814.^[39] This is close enough to the right place and time to merit further investigation.
• Roswell’s oldest child, Susannah, was born about 1818. She would have been the white female under 10 in Roswell’s household in 1820.^[40]

Family migration patterns

Where did John and Susannah David’s children and their potential niece and nephew live as adults? Might that reveal any clues to Esther’s family connection?

	1810	1820	1830	1840
Ruth		Steuben County, New York[41]	Chittenden County, Vermont[42]	Franklin County, Vermont[43]
Truman		Steuben County, New York[44]	Steuben County, New York[45]	Steuben County, New York[46]
Roswell		Ontario County, New York[47]	Ontario County, New York[48]	Hancock County, Ohio[49]
Lyman		Chittenden County, Vermont[50]	Chittenden County, Vermont[51]	Cayuga County, New York[52]
John				Rutland County, Vermont[53]
Alpha			Steuben County, New York[54]	Jackson County, Michigan[55]
Susannah				Ontario County, New York[56]
Uriah			Ontario County, New York[57]	Jackson County, Michigan[58]
Belinda		Cayuga County, New York[59]	Cayuga County, New York[60]	Lake County, Ohio[61]
Harvey			Onondaga County, New York[62]

	1850	1860	1870	1880
Ruth	Huron County, Ohio[63]	Monroe County, Michigan[64]
Truman	Steuben County, New York[65]
Roswell	Hancock County, Ohio[66]	Hancock County, Ohio[67]
Lyman	Norfolk County, Massachusetts[68]and Cayuga County, New York[69]	Cayuga County, New York[70]	Tompkins County, New York[71]
John
Alpha	Ionia County, Michigan[72]	Ionia County, Michigan[73]
Susannah		Montcalm County, Michigan[74]
Uriah	Jackson County, Michigan[75]	Mercer County, Illinois[76]	Mercer County, Illinois[77]	Mercer County, Illinois[78]
Belinda	Ingham County, Michigan[79]
Harvey	Waukesha County, Wisconsin[80]	Waukesha County, Wisconsin[81]	Adams County, Wisconsin[82]

Jonathan and Esther Case might have met and married in Cayuga County, New York. They started their family there. Lyman David lived in Cayuga County for some time after Jonathan and Esther lived there. James and Belinda David Burns were in Cayuga County in 1830. Belinda’s father William David was in Cayuga County in 1810 and in 1820. William was in Cayuga County when Jonathan and Esther were starting their family, but he doesn’t appear to have been in Vermont around 1810 when Esther was born. Lyman and Uriah David, as well as John, were probably in Vermont in 1810 but only Lyman was likely old enough to have been Esther’s father.

Still wondering

I see a few potential places to focus further investigation, but I still don’t know Esther’s childhood family. She was probably born within a few years of 1810, most likely in Vermont but possibly in New York. There were certainly other David families in New England and in the Hudson Valley of New York. The FamilySearch Family Tree, a community collaboration, has postulated the identity of two other children of William David and Ruth North without supporting evidence. Lydia Finney’s husband William David is not identified as part of William and Ruth’s family. The elder William, Ruth North’s husband, is identified as a child of Joost Davids and Anneke Ackerman in a large Westchester County, New York family. Again, scant evidence is offered. Many potential fathers for Esther David could spring from this family. Interestingly, Joost Davids’ mother Jannetje is thought to have been a daughter of Joost Springsteen.

Family history is an amazing puzzle with opportunity for unending exploration. The fun and the challenge are in the hunt. I’m still searching for Esther’s roots.

Notes

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^[1] Ancestry.com; 1967 History of Oxford Township – Oriel, https://www.ancestry.com/mediaui-viewer/collection/1030/tree/78781976/person/420022744215/media/3db2a082-4911-41b7-947e-a57839cf096e, accessed June 3, 2023; History of Oxford Township, publisher unknown, 1967, page 26

^[2] Find-a-Grave.com; memorial, Hannah M Case Kennedy, tombstone image, https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/160202446/hannah-m-kennedy, accessed June 3, 2023

^[3] FamilySearch.org; Canada, Ontario District Marriage Registers, 1801-1858, record of Jonathan D Kenedy [sic], https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:Q2C1-2TYC, accessed June 3, 2023; Archives of Ontario, Toronto, District marriage registers, Volume 2, Brock District, 1839-1858, page 85, entry for Jonathan D Kenedy [sic] and Hannah M Case

^[4] FamilySearch.org; Michigan Deaths and Burials, 1800-1995; death registration, Sarah A. Kennedy, https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:FH8L-VNL (image 391 of 645), accessed June 3, 2023; State of Michigan, Record of Deaths, Lapeer County, 1899, page 98, record 7504

^[5] FamilySearch.org; Canada, Ontario District Marriage Registers, 1801-1858, record of William Henry Kennedy, https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:Q2C1-2TRD, accessed June 3, 2023; Archives of Ontario, Toronto, District marriage registers, Volume 2, Brock District, 1839-1858, page 187, entry for William Henry Kennedy and Sara Ann Case

^[6] Michiganology.org; Collections Homepage. State Government Records, Michigan Department of Health, Disease Control, Records and Statistics Division, Death Records, 1914, Mecosta County, A-M, Case, digital file 71391, https://michiganology.org/uncategorized/IO_d4f126ba-836d-4d4a-aa28-d4a7439107cb, accessed June 3, 2023; Michigan Department of State, Certificate of Death, Mecosta County, Joshua Case, 1914, registered number 13

^[7] FamilySearch.org; Canada, Ontario District Marriage Registers, 1801-1858, record of Joshua Case, https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:Q2C1-L99K, accessed June 3, 2023; Archives of Ontario, Toronto, District marriage registers, Volume 2, Brock District, 1839-1858, page 171, entry for Joshua Case and Sarah Chamberlain

^[8] FamilySearch.org; Canada, Ontario Deaths, 1869-1937 and Overseas Deaths, 1939-1947, record of Sarah Case, https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:JDRL-3Y8, accessed June 6, 2023; Archives of Ontario, Toronto, Registrar General, West Oxford, Oxford, Ontario, Canada, Deaths, page 364, record 035789

^[9] FamilySearch.org; Michigan Marriages, 1868-1925, record of Joshua Case, https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:NQWH-G5G, accessed June 6, 2023; Michigan, Secretary of State, Department of Vital Records, Lansing, Lapeer County, Marriages, 1873, page 149, record 1094

^[10] Ancestry.com; Michigan, U.S., Divorce Records, 1897-1952, https://www.ancestry.com/discoveryui-content/view/6489390:9092, accessed June 6, 2023; Michigan Department of Community Health, Division for Vital Records and Health Statistics, Lansing, Divorces, Lapeer County Circuit Court, 1906, page 162, record 2299

^[11] Michiganology.org; Collections Homepage, State Government Records, Michigan Department of Health, Disease Control, Records and Statistics Division, Death Records, 1918, Macomb County, A-M, Case, digital file 168707, https://michiganology.org/uncategorized/IO_36ec9e91-9cc0-47ec-9ab1-5341f4fbbe0f, accessed June 6, 2023; Michigan Department of State, Certificate of Death, Macomb County, William Henry Case, 1918, registered number 15 (stamped 85)

^[12] FamilySearch.org; Canada, Ontario County Marriage Registers, 1858-1869, record of William Case, https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:Q2CB-3J24, accessed June 6, 2023; Archives of Ontario, Toronto, County Marriage Registers, Volume 49, Oxford County, 1858-1864, page 51, entry for William Case and Emma Ogden

^[13] Michiganology.org; Collections Homepage, State Government Records, Michigan Department of Health, Disease Control, Records and Statistics Division, Death Records, 1915, Lapeer County, A-M, McNally, digital file 99774, https://michiganology.org/uncategorized/IO_a602a71e-3f81-43de-b111-927b5bab1fc3, accessed June 6, 2023; Michigan Department of State, Certificate of Death, Lapeer County, Caroline McNally, 1915, registered number 15 (stamped 46)

^[14] Michiganology.org; Collections Homepage, State Government Records, Michigan Department of Health, Disease Control, Records and Statistics Division, Death Records, 1910, Tuscola County, A-M, Case, digital file 693323, https://michiganology.org/uncategorized/IO_042a4fad-2f58-4488-8e3b-fc4b938b0821, accessed June 6, 2023; Michigan Department of State, Certificate of Death, Tuscola County, Caleb G Case, 1910, registered number 4

^[15] FamilySearch.org; Canada, Ontario County Marriage Registers, 1858-1869, record of Calob [sic] Case, https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:Q2CB-Q9CW, accessed June 6, 2023; Archives of Ontario, Toronto, County Marriage Registers, Volume 49, Oxford County, 1858-1864, page 71, entry for Calop [sic] Case and Emily Spencer

^[16] FamilySearch.org; Michigan Deaths and Burials, 1800-1995, record of Elizabeth M. Heatley, https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:FH8V-PYF, accessed June 7, 2023; State of Michigan, Lapeer County, Deaths, 1878, page 104, record 2071

^[17] FamilySearch.org; Canada, Ontario County Marriage Registers, 1858-1869, record of James Heatley, https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:Q2CB-QZ86, accessed June 7, 2023; Archives of Ontario, Toronto, County Marriage Registers, Volume 49, Oxford County, 1858-1864, page 135-136, entry for James Heatley and Elizabeth Case

^[18] Find-a-Grave.com; memorial, Rachel Case Underwood, https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/104354792/rachel-underwood, accessed June 7, 2023

^[19] FamilySearch.org; Canada, Ontario County Marriage Registers, 1858-1869, record of James C Underwood, https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:Q2CB-QDJ9, accessed June 7, 2023; Archives of Ontario, Toronto, County Marriage Registers, Volume 50, Oxford County, 1865-1869, page 40, entry for James C Underwood and Rachael Case

^[20] Michiganology.org; Collections Homepage, State Government Records, Michigan Department of Health, Disease Control, Records and Statistics Division, Death Records, 1921, Bay County, A-M, CaseCatto, digital file 005363544_01545, https://michiganology.org/uncategorized/IO_ca0c992f-c50f-4f43-84c9-37ec639b9879, accessed June 7, 2023; Michigan Department of State, Certificate of Death, Bay County, Emily Case Catto, 1921, registered number 266 (stamped 109249)

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^[25] FamilySearch.org, United States Census, 1830; Fleming, Cayuga County, New York, record of Jonathan Case, https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:XHP3-94N, accessed June 8, 2023; U.S. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA), 1830 United States Census, Fleming, Cayuga County, New York, Population Schedule, page 216, entry for Jonathan Case

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^[31] Library and Archives Canada, Census of 1871, East Oxford, Oxford County, Ontario, record of Jonathan Case, https://www.bac-lac.gc.ca/eng/census/1871/Pages/item.aspx?itemid=1696878, accessed June 8, 2023; Census of 1871, Oxford East, Oxford County, Ontario, page 55, line 7

^[32] Leeds & Grenville GenWeb; 1801 census, Bastard and Kitley Townships, Leeds, https://sites.rootsweb.com/~onleedsg/images/leeds-census-bastard_kitley_1801_3_7.jpg, accessed June 10, 2023; Library and Archives Canada, MS-2548

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^[36] FamilySearch.org, United States, New York Land Records, 1630-1975, entry for Truman David, https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:66P6-WL5F, accessed June 8, 2023; Steuben County, New York, Grantee Index, page 213

^[37] FamilySearch.org, New York Births and Christenings 1640-1962, https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:V2HV-CBY, accessed June 8, 2023; Dutch Reformed Church records, Albany, New York, Volume III, Book 3, page 385, record of Francis David

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^[39] FamilySearch.org, Vermont Vital Records, 1760-1954, record of Thala David, https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:XFJH-1P5, accessed June 8, 2023; Shelburne Town Clerk, true copy of death record, Thala David, 1919

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^[42] FamilySearch.org, United States Census, 1830; Shelburne, Chittenden County, Vermont, record of Louis McDonald, https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:XH5F-SN4, accessed June 8, 2023; U.S. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA), 1830 United States Census, Shelburne, Chittenden County, Vermont, Population Schedule, page 325, entry for Louis McDonald

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^[49] FamilySearch.org, United States Census, 1840; Portage, Hancock County, Ohio, record of Roswell David, https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:XHRN-Q5K, accessed June 8, 2023; U.S. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA), 1840 United States Census, Portage, Hancock County, Ohio, Population Schedule, page 42, entry for Roswell David

^[50] FamilySearch.org, United States Census, 1820; Shelburne, Chittenden County, Vermont, record of Lyman David, https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:XHLG-JNS, accessed June 8, 2023; U.S. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA), 1820 United States Census, Shelburne, Chittenden County, Vermont, Population Schedule, page 507, entry for Lyman David

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^[52] FamilySearch.org, United States Census, 1840; Fleming, Cayuga County, New York, record of Lyman Davids, https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:XHY4-4B7, accessed June 8, 2023; U.S. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA), 1840 United States Census, Fleming, Cayuga County, New York, Population Schedule, entry for Lyman Davids

^[53] FamilySearch.org, United States Census, 1840; Clarendon, Rutland County, Vermont, record of John Davids, https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:XHY6-Q44, accessed June 8, 2023; U.S. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA), 1840 United States Census, Clarendon, Rutland County, Vermont, Population Schedule, page 67, entry for John Davids

^[54] FamilySearch.org, United States Census, 1830; Urbana, Steuben County, New York, record of Alpha David, https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:XHP5-CRX, accessed June 8, 2023; U.S. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA), 1830 United States Census, Urbana, Steuben County, New York, Population Schedule, page 284, entry for Alpha David

^[55] FamilySearch.org, United States Census, 1840; Grass Lake, Jackson County, Michigan, record of Alpha David, https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:XHYQ-1JX, accessed June 8, 2023; U.S. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA), 1840 United States Census, Grass Lake, Jackson County, Michigan, Population Schedule, page 167, entry for Alpha David

^[56] FamilySearch.org, United States Census, 1840; South Bristol, Ontario County, New York, record of Samuel Clough, https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:XHTR-D4Y, accessed June 8, 2023; U.S. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA), 1840 United States Census, South Bristol, Ontario County, New York, Population Schedule, page 251, entry for Samuel Clough

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^[59] FamilySearch.org, United States Census, 1820; Aurelius, Cayuga County, New York, record of James Burns Jun, https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:XHGZ-PXK, accessed June 8, 2023; U.S. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA), 1820 United States Census, Aurelius, Cayuga County, New York, Population Schedule, page 34, entry for James Burns Jun

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^[62] FamilySearch.org, United States Census, 1830; Pompey, Onondaga County, New York, record of Harney R David, https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:XHPJ-WVR, accessed June 8, 2023; U.S. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA), 1830 United States Census, Pompey, Onondaga County, New York, Population Schedule, page 283, entry for Harney R David

^[63] FamilySearch.org, United States Census, 1850; Fitchville, Huron County, Ohio, record of Ruth McDonald, https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:MXQX-Y4F, accessed June 8, 2023; U.S. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA), 1850 United States Census, Fitchville, Huron County, Ohio, Population Schedule, page 865 (stamped 433), line 6, entry for Ruth McDonald

^[64] FamilySearch.org, United States Census, 1860; Bedford, Monroe County, Michigan, record of Ruth McDonald, https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:MWDX-QHH, accessed June 8, 2023; U.S. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA), 1860 United States Census, Bedford, Monroe County, Michigan, Population Schedule, page 47 line 12, entry for Ruth McDonald

^[65] FamilySearch.org, United States Census, 1850; Bath, Steuben County, New York, record of Truman David, https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:MC15-62S, accessed June 8, 2023; U.S. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA), 1850 United States Census, Bath, Steuben County, New York, Population Schedule, page 246 (stamped 491), line 24, entry for Truman David

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^[67] FamilySearch.org, United States Census, 1860; Portage, Hancock County, Ohio, record of Raswell David, https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:MC2B-W88, accessed June 8, 2023; U.S. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA), 1860 United States Census, Portage, Hancock County, Ohio, Population Schedule, page 46, Line 26, entry for Raswell David

^[68] FamilySearch.org, United States Census, 1850; Braintree, Norfolk County, Massachusetts, record of Lyman David, https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:MDSH-DS1, accessed June 8, 2023; U.S. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA), 1850 United States Census, Braintree, Norfolk County, Massachusetts, Population Schedule, page 194, line 42, entry for Lyman David

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^[70] FamilySearch.org, United States Census, 1860; Sempronius, Cayuga County, New York, record of Lyman Davids, https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:MCWS-2DB, accessed June 8, 2023; U.S. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA), 1860 United States Census, Sempronius, Cayuga County, New York, Population Schedule, page 105 (stamped 1017), line 23, entry for Lyman Davids

^[71] FamilySearch.org, United States Census, 1870; Groton, Tompkins County, New York, record of Lyman David, https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:M8KR-X96, accessed June 8, 2023; U.S. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA), 1860 United States Census, Groton, Tompkins County, New York, Population Schedule, page 15 (stamped 148), line 14, entry for Lyman David

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^[74] FamilySearch.org, United States Census, 1860; Eureka, Montcalm County, Michigan, record of Susannah Clough, https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:MWD8-F9X, accessed June 8, 2023; U.S. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA), 1860 United States Census, Eureka, Montcalm County, Michigan, Population Schedule, page 105, line 2, entry for Susannah Clough

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^[79] FamilySearch.org, United States Census, 1850; Leslie, Ingham County, Michigan, record of Belinda Barnes, https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:MF86-DS8, accessed June 8, 2023; U.S. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA), 1850 United States Census, Leslie, Ingham County, Michigan, Population Schedule, page 207 (stamped 102), line 2, entry for Belinda Barnes

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