1871—a waypoint in ancestral journeys

One hundred fifty years have come and gone since 1871. In terms of change, it must seem like light-years. Where were our ancestors living then? What was their world like? How many things can you think of that you do the same way our ancestors did in 1871?

Chances are that the year 1871 brings nothing in particular to mind unless you are a student of history. Cars were pulled on rails by steam locomotives, communication was typically spoken in person or written by hand, and most pictures were created with a brush and paint. We were in the industrial age, yet times and circumstances were quite different.

In Europe, the Franco-Prussian War put an end to the French Empire of Napoleon III, consolidated German states into a unified German Empire led by Prussia, and saw the region of Alsace-Lorraine turned over to Germany, a point of contention that factored in two world wars. Today’s central and eastern European nations were still encompassed in empires.

In 1871 Canada was a new country, formed in 1867 by confederation of the British provinces of Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Canada East (now Quebec) and Canada West (now Ontario). The provinces of Manitoba and British Columbia as well as the Northwest Territories had been added to the new nation.

The United States consisted of 37 states and additional territories not yet progressed to statehood. The nation was in the throes of Reconstruction after a gut-wrenching Civil War. The achievements and failures of that time still affect our country today. The Great Chicago Fire in October 1871 left a third of Chicago’s residents homeless. Dee’s ancestors had not yet arrived there.

Our 1871 ancestors

I am old enough that I knew two great-grandmothers whose lives reached back to the 1870s. Three of my great-grandparents and all eight of Dee’s great-grandparents were living in 1871. The following tables show which direct ancestors were living then, or at least likely to have been.

These were my (Ron’s) direct ancestors in 1871.

Great-grandparents	Great-great grandparents	Great-great-great grandparents
Loyal Davis Springsteen, 1864-1943
	Mary Howe, 1832-1922
		Susan Filmore, 1806-1901
	John George Keck, 1824-1908
	Ann Katherine Kurtz, 1837-1924
Edwin Case, 1859-1935
	Joshua Case, 1832-1914
		Jonathan Case, 1806-1876
	Sarah Chamberlain, 1830-1872
		Susan St John, about 1811-after 1878
Cynthia Loretta Green, about 1861-1930
	Thomas Green, 1830-1910
	Amanda Brown, 1838-1906
	Charles Homer Kidder, 1831-1903
		Margaret Rowe, 1790-1874
	Laura Louise Davis, 1844-1918
		Jacob Davis, 1815-after 1880
		Sophronia Palmer, 1814-1873
	Nicholas Yaner, 1837-1919
		Anna Margaretta Kunstman, about 1804-after 1880
	Mary Bowers, 1844-1903
	Abner Fisher, 1844-1916
		Edward Fisher, 1816-1874
	Hannah Harger, 1852-1930
		Andrew Harger, 1812-1885
		Sarah Robinett, 1820-1898
	John Samuel Dennis, 1844-1926
		Mary Kirton, 1804-1894
	Rachel Powell, 1854-1937
		Joseph Powell, about 1820-after 1880

These were Dee’s direct ancestors in 1871.

Great-grandparents	Great-great grandparents	Great-great-great grandparents
Frans Lodewyk Van Sande (Louis Van Zandt), 1851-1892
	Joseph Van Sande, 1812-1893
	Maria Josepha Van Riet, 1818-1875
Monica Meert, 1852-1901
	Judocus Franciscus Meert, 1812-1889
	Joanna Francisca Verbelen, 1824-1888
Rudolf Hrobar, 1869-1946
	Joseph Hrobař, 1848-1900
	Anna Sršeň, 1840-1886
Alžběta Straka, 1869-1926
	Josef Straka, 1825-?
	Dorothea Zelenka, 1832-?
Antonin Frantisek Dlouhy, 1859-1923
	Josef Dlouhy, 1832-after 1883
	Marie Smolar, 1833-1883
Barbora Macek, 1863-1947
	Jan Macek, 1814-1889
	Anna Rothbaur, 1831-after 1900
		Josef Rothbaur, ?-before 1885
		Barbora Bednar, 1804-1885
Antonin Karel, 1853-1940
	Frantisek Karel, 1824-?
	Teresia Vyslyšel
Františka Macak, 1860-1943
	Vaclav Macak, about 1825-?
	Josephine Thor, about 1830-?

These ancestors were living in several clusters in 1871. I found them in or on their way to Clinton, Gratiot and Montcalm Counties in mid-Michigan; at the intersection of Ohio, Indiana and Michigan in Williams, Steuben and Hillsdale Counties; in Oxford County, Ontario; in Flemish Belgium; and in a few locations in Bohemia, then part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire.

Michigan, United States

• Loyal Davis “L.D.” Springsteen lived with his widowed mother Mary (Howe) Springsteen in DeWitt Township, Clinton County north of Lansing in 1871. They were listed there with four older children in the 1870 census.[1] Mary’s grandson Clinton “Joe” Springsteen, who knew her well later in her life, told me that she had lived in a cabin and traded at times with native Americans for things she needed.
• Mary Springsteen’s mother Susan (Filmore) Howe lived in Springfield Township, Oakland County east of Holly. Susan’s unmarried son Jerome lived with her and worked the farm. They were listed there in the 1870 census.[2] My grandfather Aden Springsteen and his brother, Dad’s Uncle Joe, would later be born in the tenant house on Susan’s farm.
• John George and Ann Katherine (Kurtz) Keck lived in DeWitt Township, Clinton County with five children in 1871. They were listed there in the 1870 census as George and Ann Cock.[3] George was a farmer. My great-grandmother Katherine Agatha “Agnes” (Keck) Springsteen would be born there the following year. George and Kate were both immigrants from lands that had become part of the new German Empire. As reported in the 1870 census, George had been born in Württemberg[4] and Kate in Hesse-Kassel.
• Thomas and Amanda (Brown) Green probably lived in New Haven Township, Gratiot County in 1871. They were listed there in 1870 with five children, including my great-grandmother Cynthia Loretta (Green) Case.[5] The oldest two children were Amanda’s from an apparent previous marriage. Thomas was a farmer. He had served in the 13^th Michigan Infantry during the Civil War and was seriously injured at the Battle of Bentonville, North Carolina in the closing weeks of combat.
• Charles Homer and Laura Louise (Davis) Kidder lived in Reading Township, Hillsdale County in 1871. They were listed there in the 1870 census with two of Charles’s children born of his first wife, who had died, and a daughter from this marriage.[6] My great-grandfather Arthur Corvis Kidder would be born there two years later. Charles was a farm laborer and had recently served with the 8^th Illinois Cavalry in the Civil War.
• Charles Kidder’s mother Margaret (Rowe) Kidder apparently lived in Reading Township, Hillsdale County in 1871. She was listed there in 1870 living in the household of her son William Rowe Kidder.[7]
• Jacob and Sophronia (Palmer) Davis, parents of Laura Louise Kidder, lived in Reading Township, Hillsdale County in 1871, where Jacob was a blacksmith. They were listed in the 1870 census with five apparent offspring ranging in age from 12 to 33.[8]
• Nicholas and Mary (Bowers) Yaner were most likely in one of two places in 1871. The 1870 census lists them in Ontwa Township, Cass County with their three oldest children.[9] They were living in Crystal Township, Montcalm County by 1875 when their fifth child was born. Nicholas, by his own recorded account, first came to Crystal in 1859. He married Mary in Summit County, Ohio in 1865.[10] Nicholas was born in Württemberg but was in Wayne County, Ohio with his parents and family by 1850.[11] He was recorded as a farmer in 1870 and as a carpenter in 1880.[12]
• Nicholas Yaner’s mother Anna Margaretta (Kuntzman) Yaner lived in Crystal Township, Montcalm County in 1870 in the household of her son John.[13] She might well have been there in 1871. She lived with Nicholas in 1880.[14]
• John Samuel Dennis might have lived in either Hillsdale County or neighboring Williams County, Ohio in 1871. I have not yet found John in the 1870 census, but he lived in Mill Creek Township, Williams County in 1850[15] and 1860.[16] John was a resident of Ransom Township, Hillsdale County when he married Rachel Powell there in 1872.[17] John had recently served with the 111^th Ohio Infantry in the Civil War. He was recorded as a farmer in the 1880 census.[18]
• Mary (Kirton) Dennis probably lived in Ransom Township, Hillsdale County near her son Thomas Dennis and his family in 1871. They were listed there in the 1870 census.[19] Mary and Thomas were both born in Lincolnshire, England. She lived with son John in 1880.[20]

Indiana, United States

• Abner Fisher lived with his parents Edward and Mary Eckhart (Taylor) Fisher in Richland Township, Steuben County in 1870.[21] Edward was listed as a sawyer. Mary died in October 1870, but Abner might have remained in the household in 1871. Abner married Hannah Harger in 1876.[22]

Ohio, United States

• Hannah Harger lived with her parents Andrew and Sarah (Robinett) Harger in Florence Township, Williams County in 1870[23] and probably also in 1871. Andrew was a farmer in 1870. Williams County borders Steuben County, Indiana and Hillsdale County, Michigan.
• Rachel Powell lived in Williams County, Ohio in either Brady or Mill Creek Township in 1871. She was listed in Brady Township with her father Joseph Powell, stepmother and half-siblings in the 1870 census.[24] Rachel’s mother had died shortly after her birth. Joseph Powell was listed as a farmer in Brady Township in both the 1870 and 1880[25] censuses, so he was likely living there in 1871. Rachel was living in Mill Creek Township when she married John Dennis in 1872.

Ontario, Canada

• Joshua and Sarah (Chamberlain) Case lived in Oxford West Township, Oxford County with six children in 1871. My great-grandfather Edwin Case was among them. Joshua, who was listed in the 1871 census as a labourer, had been born in the United States.[26] Sarah and their children were reported as having been born in Ontario, which would have been Upper Canada for Sarah and Canada West for the children. Sarah died the following year.
• Jonathan Case, Joshua’s widowed father, lived in Oxford East Township, Oxford County with three young adult children in 1871.[27] Jonathan was reported as having been born in the United States. He was a farmer.
• Susan (St John) Chamberlain, Sarah’s mother, might have lived in Oxford County in 1871. She and her husband David Chamberlain or Chamberlin lived in West Oxford Township in 1861.[28] David, a cooper, was sixteen years her senior and might not have been living in 1871. Susan married their 1861 neighbor Darwin Cross in Monroe County, Michigan in 1878.[29]

Flanders, Belgium

• Frans Lodewyk Van Sande (later Louis Van Zandt) probably lived in Buggenhout in 1871. He was born there in 1851[30] and lived there when he married Francisca Annaert in 1874.[31] One of their sons, Jan Baptist Van Sande (also later Louis Van Zandt), was the Grandpa Van that Dee knew as a girl. Frans Lodewyk’s parents Joseph and Maria (Van Riet) Van Sande lived and died in Buggenhout and were probably living there in 1871 as well.
• Monica Meert was born in Steenhuffel, east of Buggenhout, in 1852.[32] She might have lived there in 1871, but I have found no further documentation of her residence until the birth of her second known child in Mechelen in 1883.[33] When she married Frans Lodewyk Van Sande in Steenhuffel in 1888 after the death of Francisca, she was identified as a farmer living at Steenhuffel and he as a farmer living at Buggenhout.[34] Their only child who lived to adulthood, Richard Joseph Coleta Van Sande (later Richard Van Zandt), was Dee’s grandfather. Monica’s parents Judocus Franciscus and Joanna Francisca (Verbelen) Meert lived and died at Steenhuffel and were almost certainly there in 1871.

Bohemia, Austrian Empire

• Rudolf Hrobar apparently lived at age one with his parents Josef and Anna (Sršeň) Hrobar in or near Rychnov nad Kněžnou in Eastern Bohemia in 1871. Josef and Anna are believed to have been born in this area. Anna might have been orphaned at a young age. This information is speculated by other researchers. I have found no records yet for this family in Bohemia.
• Alžběta Straka was born in Domažlice in 1869[35] and left there to sail for America from Hamburg in 1886.[36] Domažlice, in western Bohemia near the German border, was called Taus in German, the primary language of the Austrian Empire. Alžběta likely lived in Domažlice with her parents Josef and Dorothea (Zelenka) Straka in 1871. She married Rudolf Hrobar in Chicago in 1889.[37] One of their children, Emma, married Richard Van Zandt and was Dee’s grandmother.
• Anton Dlouhy, born in 1859,[38] was twelve years old in 1871, living in Chlustina, southwest of Praha (Prague) in central Bohemia. His parents Josef and Marie (Smolar) Dlouhy were married in Chlustina in 1850[39] and raised their family there. They probably lived in Chlustina in 1871.
• Barbora Macek and her parents Jan and Anna (Rothbaur) Macek apparently lived in Dobronice in 1871, south of Prague near Tábor in southern Bohemia. Barbora’s brother Alois was born in Dobronice in 1871[40] as were older and younger siblings. Barbora married Anton Dlouhy in Cook County, Illinois in 1889.[41] Their large family included Dee’s grandfather Joseph Dlouhy.
• Anna Macek’s parents Josef and Barbora (Bednar) Rothbaur might both have been living in 1871. They likely lived in the vicinity of Kladerub, where Anna was born, Dobronice, near Anna, or Na Polanka, where Barbora Macek was born in 1863 and Barbora Rothbaur died in 1885.
• Anton Karel was eighteen years old in 1871. He had been born as a twin in Kozojed north of Plzeň (Pilsen) in western Bohemia.[42] He and his parents Frantisek and Teresia (Vyslyšel) Karel might have still lived there in 1871, but I don’t know. Anton left for America in 1880.[43]
• Františka Macak was eleven years old in 1871 and probably still lived with her parents Vaclav and Josephine (Thor) Macak. Františka was reportedly born in Prague but I don’t know where they lived thereafter in Bohemia. According to family sources, Františka married Anton Karel shortly before they sailed to America in 1880. Their large family born in Chicago included Dee’s grandmother Rose Karel.

Echoes of the past

Here are pictures of some of our 1871 ancestors. Most of the pictures were taken later in their lives. The first picture is of John Springsteen, Mary Howe Springsteen’s husband, who died a few years before 1871.

These people, our ancestors, lived in a very different time and different places. They were busy with their own lives, caring for their families, and sometimes facing the unknown. What did they have in common in addition to these challenges? In some small way, they all live on in our son and daughter.

Notes

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[1] “United States Census, 1870”, database with images, FamilySearch (https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:MHHF-FZW : 2 January 2021), Mary E Springsteen, 1870.

[2] “United States Census, 1870”, database with images, FamilySearch (https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:MHC8-Q33 : 3 January 2021), Susan Howe, 1870.

[3] “United States Census, 1870”, database with images, FamilySearch (https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:MHHF-673 : 2 January 2021), George Cock, 1870.

[4] “Deutschland, ausgewählte evangelische Kirchenbücher 1500-1971,” database, FamilySearch (https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:QP57-BYX5 : 27 March 2020), Johann Georg Kock, 13 Feb 1824; images digitized and records extracted by Ancestry; citing Baptism, Simmersfeld, Simmersfeld, Simmersfeld, Nagold, Württemberg, Deutschland, Simmersfeld, German Lutheran Collection, various parishes, Germany.

[5] “United States Census, 1870”, database with images, FamilySearch (https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:MHHF-673 : 2 January 2021), George Cock, 1870.

[6] “United States Census, 1870”, database with images, FamilySearch (https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:MHH2-JM4 : 2 January 2021), Charles Kidder in entry for Albert Colwell, 1870.

[7] “United States Census, 1870”, database with images, FamilySearch (https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:MHHL-9Y3 : 2 January 2021), Margaret Kidder in entry for William Hidder, 1870.

[8] “United States Census, 1870”, database with images, FamilySearch (https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:MHH2-HTG : 2 January 2021), Jacob Davis, 1870.

[9] “United States Census, 1870”, database with images, FamilySearch (https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:MHHX-Y35 : 2 January 2021), Nicholas Lano, 1870.

[10] “Ohio, County Marriages, 1789-2016,” database with images, FamilySearch (https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:Q21W-CXL4 : 8 March 2021), Nicholas Gaver and Mary Ann Bowers, 25 Feb 1865; citing Marriage, Summit, Cuyahoga, Ohio, United States, Franklin County Genealogical & Historical Society, Columbus; FHL microfilm.

[11] “United States Census, 1850,” database with images, FamilySearch (https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:MX78-5K2 : 21 December 2020), Fred Yauer, Chippewa Township, Wayne, Ohio, United States; citing family , NARA microfilm publication (Washington, D.C.: National Archives and Records Administration, n.d.).

[12] “United States Census, 1880,” database with images, FamilySearch (https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:MW39-HMJ : 19 February 2021), Nicholas Yaner, Crystal, Montcalm, Michigan, United States; citing enumeration district ED 230, sheet 82C, NARA microfilm publication T9 (Washington, D.C.: National Archives and Records Administration, n.d.), FHL microfilm 1,254,596.

[13] “United States Census, 1870”, database with images, FamilySearch (https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:MHCH-SNF : 2 January 2021), Margaret Yaner in entry for John Yaner, 1870.

[14] “United States Census, 1880,” database with images, FamilySearch (https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:MW39-HMR : 19 February 2021), Anna M Yaner in household of Nicholas Yaner, Crystal, Montcalm, Michigan, United States; citing enumeration district ED 230, sheet 82C, NARA microfilm publication T9 (Washington, D.C.: National Archives and Records Administration, n.d.), FHL microfilm 1,254,596.

[15] “United States Census, 1850,” database with images, FamilySearch (https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:MXSG-6K8 : 21 December 2020), John Dennis in household of Timothy Dennis, Mill Creek, Williams, Ohio, United States; citing family , NARA microfilm publication (Washington, D.C.: National Archives and Records Administration, n.d.).

[16] “United States Census, 1860,” database with images, FamilySearch (https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:33SQ-GBSD-9DCW), John Dennis in household of Timothy Dennis, Millcreek, Williams, Ohio, United States; citing family , NARA microfilm publication (Washington, D.C.: National Archives and Records Administration, n.d.).

[17] “Michigan Marriages, 1868-1925,” database with images, FamilySearch (https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:NQWH-MWL : 18 February 2021), John Samuel Dennis and Rachel Towel, 13 Oct 1872; citing Marriage, Ransom, Hillsdale, Michigan, , Citing Secretary of State, Department of Vital Records, Lansing; FHL microfilm 4207549.

[18] “United States Census, 1880,” database with images, FamilySearch (https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:MWSH-Q7Y : 19 February 2021), John Denis, Ransom, Hillsdale, Michigan, United States; citing enumeration district ED 91, sheet 233B, NARA microfilm publication T9 (Washington, D.C.: National Archives and Records Administration, n.d.), FHL microfilm 1,254,581.

[19] “United States Census, 1870”, database with images, FamilySearch (https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:MHH2-V6W : 2 January 2021), Mary Dennis, 1870.

[20] “United States Census, 1880,” database with images, FamilySearch (https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:MWSH-QWS : 19 February 2021), Mary Denis in household of John Denis, Ransom, Hillsdale, Michigan, United States; citing enumeration district ED 91, sheet 233B, NARA microfilm publication T9 (Washington, D.C.: National Archives and Records Administration, n.d.), FHL microfilm 1,254,581.

[21] “United States Census, 1870”, database with images, FamilySearch (https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:MXX6-8XC : 10 March 2021), Edward Fisher, 1870.

[22] “Ohio, County Marriages, 1789-2016,” database with images, FamilySearch (https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:XZVL-3JK : 8 March 2021), Abner Fisher and Hannah Harger, 02 Nov 1876; citing Marriage, Williams, Ohio, United States, v 4 p 486, Franklin County Genealogical & Historical Society, Columbus; FHL microfilm.

[23] “United States Census, 1870”, database with images, FamilySearch (https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:M6GQ-SK4 : 3 January 2021), Hannah Wager in entry for Andrew Wager, 1870.

[24] “United States Census, 1870”, database with images, FamilySearch (https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:M6G3-PDG : 3 January 2021), Joseph Powell, 1870.

[25] “United States Census, 1880,” database with images, FamilySearch (https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:M838-MKV : 20 February 2021), Joseph Powell, Brady, Williams, Ohio, United States; citing enumeration district ED 5, sheet 497A, NARA microfilm publication T9 (Washington, D.C.: National Archives and Records Administration, n.d.), FHL microfilm 1,255,077.

[26] “Canada Census, 1871,” database, FamilySearch (https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:M4QQ-NP1 : 18 March 2021), Joshua Case, West Oxford, Oxford, Ontario, Canada; citing 1871; citing National Archives of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario.

[27] “Canada Census, 1871,” database, FamilySearch (https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:M4QQ-NH9 : 18 March 2021), Jonathan Case, East Oxford, Oxford, Ontario, Canada; citing 1871; citing National Archives of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario.

[28] “Ontario Census, 1861,” database, FamilySearch (https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:MQ7L-QMG : 5 September 2017), Susan Chamberlin, West Oxford, Oxford, Ontario, Canada; citing p. 13, line 2; Library and Archives Canada film number C-1061-1062, Public Archives, Toronto; FHL microfilm 2,435,934.

[29] “Michigan Marriages, 1822-1995”, database, FamilySearch (https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:N3NM-GPF : 18 February 2021), Susan Stjohn Chambirlin in entry for Darwin Crass, 1878.

[30] “Belgique, Flandre-Orientale, registres d’état civil, 1541-1914,” database with images, FamilySearch (https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:939L-MGS6-9S : 16 May 2016), Buggenhout > Geboorten 1842-1859 > image 355 of 638; België Staatsarchief (Belgium State Archives), Oost-Vlaanderen.

[31] “Belgique, Flandre-Orientale, registres d’état civil, 1541-1914,” database with images, FamilySearch (https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:33SQ-GGVR-97X2 : 16 May 2016), Buggenhout > Geboorten 1873-1881, huwelijken 1872-1878, overlijden 1872-1873 > image 438 of 593; België Staatsarchief (Belgium State Archives), Oost-Vlaanderen.

[32] “Belgique, Brabant, registres d’état civil, 1582-1914,” database with images, FamilySearch (https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:S3HY-68T9-F5L : 22 May 2014), Steenhuffel > Geboorten, huwelijken, overlijden 1852-1857 > image 8 of 648; België Nationaal Archief, Brussels (Belgium National Archives, Brussels).

[33] “Belgique, Anvers, registres d’état civil, 1588-1913,” database with images, FamilySearch (https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:33S7-95QT-9LRS: 11 March 2016), Mechelen > Geboorten 1881-1883 > image 1236 of 1456; België Staatsarchief (Belgium State Archives), Brussels.

[34] “Belgique, Brabant, registres d’état civil, 1582-1914,” database with images, FamilySearch (https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:9392-WB9D-D4 : 9 January 2015), Steenhuffel > Overlijdens 1884, geboorten, huwelijksafkondigingen, huwelijken, echtscheidingen, overlijdens 1885-1889 > image 613 of 759; België Nationaal Archief, Brussels (Belgium National Archives, Brussels).

[35] Sbírka matrik západních Čech, Církev římskokatolická, Domažlice 73, 1864-1879, Porta fontium (https://www.portafontium.eu/iipimage/30061367/domazlice-73_0960-n)

[36] Staatsarchiv Hamburg. Hamburg Passenger Lists, 1850-1934 [database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2008. (https://www.ancestry.com/imageviewer/collections/1068/images/K_1734_080493-0595)

[37] “Illinois, Cook County Marriages, 1871-1968”, database, FamilySearch (https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:N7D2-6Q4 : 10 March 2018), Rudolf Hrobar and Alzbeta Strakova, 22 Jan 1889.

[38] Praskolesy register of births, 1853-1867, Beroun district, Roman Catholic Church, image 133 0f 365. Czech Regional Archives, Praha (https://ebadatelna.soapraha.cz/d/13024/133)

[39] Praskolesy register of marriages, 1841-1872, Beroun district, Roman Catholic Church, image 86 0f 299. Czech Regional Archives, Praha (https://ebadatelna.soapraha.cz/d/13027/86)

[40] Chýnov register of births, 1853-1867, Tábor district, Roman Catholic Church, image 49 0f 197. Czech Regional Archives, Třeboň (https://digi.ceskearchivy.cz/4228/49)

[41] “Illinois, Cook County Marriages, 1871-1968”, database, FamilySearch (https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:N7D2-VTR : 10 March 2018), Anton Dlouhy and Barbara Mackova, 09 Feb 1889.

[42] Sbírka matrik západních Čech, Církev římskokatolická, Kozojedy 07, 1844-1867, Porta fontium (https://www.portafontium.eu/iipimage/30064173/kozojedy-07_0710-n)

[43] New York, U.S., Arriving Passenger and Crew Lists (including Castle Garden and Ellis Island), 1820-1957 [database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2010. (https://www.ancestry.com/imageviewer/collections/7488/images/NYM237_432-0508)